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Probability

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3 views

Probability

Uploaded by

perezantoneth0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILITY

 Refers to the likelihood that something


will occur or happen. It also pertains
to chances and possibilities. Probability
is the mathematics commonly used by
people who like calculating risks, like
gamblers.
Experiment
 An experiment is any activity or
procedure that generates distinct
possible outcomes.
Examples
• Flipping a coin
• Tossing a die
Outcome
 An outcome is any possible result that
comes from the experiment.
Examples
• Head or Tail (Flipping a coin)
• 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 (Tossing a fair die)
Sample Space
 A sample space is the set of all
possible outcomes that comes from
the experiment.
Examples
Flipping a coin =
Tossing a fair die =
Event
 An event is a subset of the sample
space.
Examples
• Getting a head when you flip a coin
• Getting an even number when you
toss a fair die
Fundamental Principle of Counting
 If one thing can happen in ways
and the second thing can happen in
b ways, and the third thing can
happen in c ways, and so on and so
forth, then the sequence of things
can happen in
a x b x c x … ways
Permutation
 A permutation is the
arrangement of set of objects in
a definite order.
 The number of permutations of n
objects taken k at a time.
nPk =
LINEAR PERMUTATION
Factorial
n factorial is the product of
all counting numbers n
through 1. It is denoted as n!
n! = n * ( n - 1) * (n – 2)
* … 3 * 2* 1
Circular Permutation
 This is special case of permutation as it is
the arrangement of objects in a circular
pattern.
The number of circular
permutations of n different things:
( n – 1)!
The number of circular
permutations of n different things:
Combination
 A combination is a collection of objects
selected from a group in which the order
is not necessary.
The number of combination of n
objects taken k at a time.
nCk =
PROBABILITY OF
AN EVENT
Probability of a simple event
P (event) =
It can symbolically denote as
P (E) =
Probability of Union of Two Events
 Mutually Exclusive Events
 Two events are said to be mutually exclusive events if
the events cannot occur at the same time. The
intersection of these events is an empty set.
 If event A and event B are mutually exclusive events
then:
P ( A or B) = P ( A B) = P (A) + P (B)
Not mutually exclusive events

 The probability of the occurrence of events A and B, which are


in the same sample space is:
P (A or B) = P ( A B) = P (A) + P (B) – P ( A B)
Probability of Independent Events
 Two events are said to be independent events if the
existence or non-existence of one event does not
influence the probability of the existence of the
other event.
 Given that events A and B are independent events,
the probability of that both events A and B will
happen is the product of their separate probabilities.
 If event A and B are independent events then:
P (A and B) = P ( A B) = P (A) * P (B)
Conditional Probability
 Refers to the possibility of an event to happen given
the occurrence of another event.
Given events A and B,
P (B A) =
where P ( A) 0
P (B A) = =
where P ( A) 0
Properties of Probability
0 P (E) 1
The probability of an event ranges from 0 to 1 or 0% to
100%.
P (Sure event) =1
The probability of a sure event is 1, which also means 100%.
P (Impossible event) = 0
The probability of a sure event is 1, which also means 100%.
P (E) + P (E’) = 1
The sum of the probability of an event and its complement
is 1 or 100%.

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