CH 1 - Introduction Last

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
Wondogenet College of Forestry & Natural

Resource
Environmental HYDROLOGY
BY: Alemayehu Tolera
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Course objective
At the end of the course, you are expected to:
 Comprehend with the definition and scope of environmental
hydrology.
 Describe the concepts of hydrologic cycle
 Understand the hydrologic processes; their measurement and
estimation.
 Know the occurrence and movement circulation of surface and
groundwater resource
 Differentiate aquifers and their characteristics
 Have the concept on groundwater exploration and measurement
 Have an understanding on water hazards and their Management
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Contents of course
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Precipitation
Chapter 3: Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
Chapter 4: Infiltration and soil water process
Chapter 5: Runoff
Chapter 6: Streamflow measurement
Chapter 7: Groundwater
Chapter 8: Water hazards and their management
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Environmental Hydrology
Instructor:
Alemayehu. T
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Definition
Environment:
 A sum total of all the living and non-living
elements and their effects that influence human
life. While all living or biotic elements are animals,
plants, forests, fisheries, and birds, non-living or abiotic
elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air.
Hydrology
 Science that encompasses the study of water on and beneath the
Earth's surface, the occurrence and movement of water, the physical
and chemical properties of water, and its relationship with the living
and material components of the environment.
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1.2. Hydrologic Cycle
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- Hydrologic Cycle Processes
Processes
Atmospheric water
Precipitation
Evaporation
Land Surface
Infiltration Surface Water
Soil water
Surface Runoff
Groundwater Recharge Groundwater

(Percolation)
Baseflow
System
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1.3. Water budget
 Quantitative evaluation of water flux from a given
hydrologic system for defend period of time
System Concept
 Hydrologic analysis for various applications and
models begins with the system concept.
System Boundary
SYSTEM OUTPUTS
INPUTS
OPERATORS
I = inflow volume per unit time

-8 Q = outflow per unit time
Cont…
What is a watershed?
• An area of land that drains water, sediment, and dissolved materials to a
common outlet.
• Watershed are separated/bounded by drainage divides.
• Can be any shape and size.
• Sub-watershed = watershed within a watershed.
Legend
LEGEND
#
* outlets
flow lines
Win_drainline
mad_river_polys
sub-
watersheds
Win_DEM_150_clip
Elevation
Value
High : 1308.1
Low : 10
“Watershed” = “catchment” = “drainage basin”

Typical Water Budget System Components for Watershed
P P = precipitation
E
T E = evaporation
T = transpiration
R = Surface runoff
R
G = net groundwater flow
 S = change in storage
P - R - G - E - T = S
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Example 1: a lake had a water surface elevation of 103.200 m above
datum at the beginning of a certain month. In that month the lake
received
 an average inflow of 6.0 m3/s from surface runoff sources.
 In the same period the outflow from the lake had an average
value of 6.5m3/s.
 Further, in that month, the lake received a rainfall of 145 mm
and
 The evaporation from the lake surface was estimated as 6.10cm.
Write the water budget equation for the lake and calculate the water
surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month.
The average lake surface area can be taken as 5000 ha. Assume that
there is no contribution to or from the ground water storage.
Water Budget/Balance Equation
Here t = 1 month = 30 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 2.592x10 6s = 2.592 Ms In one month:
Inflow volume  I t 6.0 x 2.592 15.552 M m3

Outflow vlume Q t 6.5 x 2.592 16.848 M m3
14.5 x 5000 x100 x100
Input due to precipitat ion PA  6
M m3  7.25M m3
100 x10
6.10 5000 x100 x100

outflow due to evaporatio n EA  x  3.05 M m3
100 106
Hence S 15.552  7.25  16.848  3.05  2.904 M m 3
S 2.904 x106
Change in elevation  z    0.058m
A 5000 x100 x100
New water surface elevation at the end of the month
= 103.200 + 0.058
= 103.258m above the datum.
1.4. World Water Balance
Oceans 96.5 % of total

Saline water on land 1% of total
Fresh: 2.5 % of total
Groundwater 30.1 % of fresh water
Polar Ice 68.6 % of fresh water
Lakes & Rivers 0.266 % of fresh water
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Importance of hydrologic to society
 We need hydrology analysis
 For the design and operation of water resources projects such as
irrigation, water supply, flood control, water power and navigation.
 To solve water-related problems; problems of quantity, quality
and availability.
More specific examples:

- The capacity of storage structures such as reservoirs
- The magnitude of flood flows to enable safe disposal of excess flow
- Floodplain analysis and delineation
- The minimum flow and quantity of flow available at various seasons
- Erosion and sediment control
►The hydrologic study should precede structural and other detailed design
studies of water resource project.
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Data required for Hydrologic analysis
- Weather records ( temperature, humidity, wind
velocity, solar radiation )
- Precipitation data
- Stream-flow records
- Evaporation and transpiration data
- Infiltration characteristics of the area
- Groundwater characteristics
- Topography
- Geological characteristics
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Assignment One
 Discus the unique physicochemical properties and
biological function of water.
 Submit the written assignment after a week with a
maximum of 3 pages.
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Unique properties of water
Boiling and freezing points
Polarity, Specific Heat Capacity
Density and coefficient of expansion
Surface tension, heat of vaporization, vapor pressure,
Viscosity and cohesion
Capillary Action
The Universal Solvent
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Biological functions of Water
 Regulating the processes like digestion, transport of
nutrients, and excretion.
 Regulates body temperature through the process of
sweating and evaporation.
 Water is the medium for all metabolic reactions in the body.
 Habitat for various animals
 For germination of seed and the photosynthesis.
 Medium for the transport of minerals from the soil to
different parts of plants.
 Maintain plant structures by providing the appropriate
pressure to the plant tissues.
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HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

Wondogenet College of Forestry & Natural

BY: Alemayehu Tolera

Groundwater Recharge Groundwater

I = inflow volume per unit time

“Watershed” = “catchment” = “drainage basin”

Inflow volume  I t 6.0 x 2.592 15.552 M m3

6.10 5000 x100 x100

Hence S 15.552  7.25  16.848  3.05  2.904 M m 3

New water surface elevation at the end of the month

Oceans 96.5 % of total

More specific examples:

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