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Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering-Session 3

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21 views23 pages

Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering-Session 3

Uploaded by

sabbathshema
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Three-Phase Circuits

12/22/2024 1
Advantages of Three-Phase System
• Transmission lines require much less conductor
material.
• A three-phase machine gives a higher output.
• A three-phase motor develops a uniform (not a
pulsating) torque.
• The three-phase induction motors are self-starting.
• Can be used to supply domestic as well as
industrial (or commercial) power.
• The voltage regulation is better.
12/22/2024 2
Concept of Three-phase Voltages

• The phase order


or phase sequence or
phase rotation is
abc.

12/22/2024 3
12/22/2024 4
Three windings
connected to three loads
using six line conductors

• The three emfs generated eR, eY and eB connected to three respective loads
L1, L2 and L3.
• This necessitates the use of six line conductors.
• Obviously, it is cumbersome and expensive.
• Let us now consider how it may be simplified.

12/22/2024 5
Three-phase Loads
• There are two kinds of three-phase systems :
(i) Star or wye (Y) connection, and
(ii) Delta (Δ) or mesh connection

If all the three impedances are equal, the load is said


to be a balanced load.
12/22/2024 6
Star (Y) Connected Three-phase System cont’d

12/22/2024 7
Unbalanced Three-Phase System

The common point M is called local neutral point.


12/22/2024 8
• Practically, it may not be possible always to make
this star-connected domestic load balanced.
• However, as per KCL, the sum of the three line
currents must still be zero.
• In unbalanced systems, the sum of currents is
equal to current passing through the neutral wire
• This situation is definitely undesirable.
• Therefore, we use Four-Wire Three-Phase
Voltage System.
12/22/2024 9
Delta (Δ) Connected Three-phase System

Note that the ‘finish’ of one phase is connected to the ‘start’ of another phase.

12/22/2024 10
Voltages And Currents Relations in 3-φ Systems

(1) Star-Connected System

12/22/2024 11
• In a three-phase system, there are two sets of
voltages :
– the set of phase voltages, and
– the other is the set of line voltages.
• VRN, VYN and VBN denote the set of three phase
voltages.
• The term ‘line voltage’ is used to denote the
voltage between two lines.
• VRY represents line voltage between the lines R
and Y.
12/22/2024 12
VRY VRNY VRN  VNY
VRN  VYN VRN  ( VYN )


VRY 2(VRN cos 30 )
or VL 2Vph  
3 / 2  3Vph

VL  3Vph

and I L I ph
12/22/2024 Star-connected System
13
(2) Delta-Connected System

I R'R  I Y'Y  I B'B I ph (say)

12/22/2024 14
I R I R'R  I B'B

I R 2( I ph cos 30 )  3I ph


I L  3I ph and VL Vph
12/22/2024 Delta-connected System 15
Important Points about Three-Phase Systems
1. It is normal practice to specify the values
of the line voltages and line currents.
2. The current in any phase can be
determined by dividing the phase voltage
by its impedance.

12/22/2024 16
Example
• A 400-V, 3- supply is connected across a
balanced load of three impedances each
consisting of a 32-Ω resistance and 24-Ω
inductive reactance. Determine the current
drawn from the power mains, if the three
impedances are
(a) Y-connected, and
(b) Δ-connected.

12/22/2024 17
Solution : Z = R + jX = (32 + j24) Ω.
2 2 2 2
 Z  R  X  32  24 40 
(a) Y-connection :
VL 400 Vph 400 / 3 10
Vph   V  I ph    A
3 3 Z 40 3
10
 I L I ph  5.78 A
3
(b) For Δ-connection :
Vph 400
Vph VL 400 V  I ph   10 A
Z 40
 I L  3I ph  3 10 17.32 A
12/22/2024 18
Power In Three-phase System With A Balanced Load

Consider one phase only, P1 Vph I ph cos 


Hence, the total power consumed,
P 3P1 3Vph I ph cos 
For a star-connected system, V  3 V and I I
L ph L ph

P 3(VL / 3) I L cos   3 VL I L cos 


For a delta-connected system, VL Vph and I L  3 I ph
P 3VL ( I L / 3) cos   3 VL I L cos 
Thus, for any balanced load,
12/22/2024 P  3 VL I L cos  19
Example 2
• A 400-V, 3- supply is connected to a balanced
network of three impedances each consisting of a
20-Ω resistance and a 15-Ω inductive reactance.
• If the three impedances are (a) star-connected,
and (b) delta-connected, in each case determine
– (i) the line current,
– (ii) the power factor, and
– (iii) the total power in kW.

12/22/2024 20
(a) For star-connected load : VL  3 Vph and I L  I ph
VL 400
Vph   231 V
3 3
2 2
and Z ph  20  15 25 
Vph 231
(i) I L I ph   9.24 A
Z ph 25
Rph 20
(ii) cos    0.8 (lagging)
Z ph 25
(iii) P  3 V I cos   3 400 9.24 0.8 5.12 kW
L L
12/22/2024 21
(b) For delta-connected load : VL Vph and I L  3 I ph
 VL Vph 400 V
Vph 400
(i) I ph   16 A
Z ph 25
 I L  3 I ph  3 16 27.71 A
(ii) The power factor is same as above,
pf = 0.8 (lagging)

(iii) P  3 VL I L cos   3 400 27.710.8 15.36 kW


Note that power consumed has become 3 times.
12/22/2024 22
No. Star-Connected System Delta-Connected System

1. Similar ends are joined together. Dissimilar ends are joined.


2.
3. Neutral wire available. Neutral wire not available.
4. 4-wire, 3- system possible. 4-wire, 3- system not
possible.
5. Both domestic and industrial Only industrial loads can be
loads can be handled. handled.
6. By earthing the neutral wire, Due to absence of neutral
relays and protective devices can wire, it is not possible.
be provided in alternators for
safety.

12/22/2024 23

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