Scribd
Upload
27 views16 pages

Chapter 0

Uploaded by

murtessaahmed9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views16 pages

Chapter 0

Uploaded by

murtessaahmed9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Chapter 0

 For efficient transmission, the transmitter processes and amplifies the input signal to
produce a transmitted signal suited to the characteristics of the transmission channel.
Signal processing involves: Modulation and Coding.

 The channel is the medium that bridges the distance from source to destination, such
as: wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio link… etc.

 Generally, the signal passes a channel suffers from the following main problems:
 Attenuation: the signal power gradually decreases along the distance.
 Distortion: the channel changes the shape of the signal.
 Noise: the signal is corrupted by random and unpredictable electrical signals. These
unwanted signals are produced by natural processes in both internal and external to
the system.
 Interference: is the contamination by extraneous signals, such as: other transmitters,
power lines and machinery, switching circuits… etc.
 The receiver compensates the received signal for the channel effects,
and reprocesses the received signal by undoing the signal modification
made at the transmitter through the demodulation and the decoding.
The receiver output is fed to the output transducer to convert the
electrical signals to its original form: the message.

 The main objective of a “brilliant” communication engineer is to design


and implement a maximum efficiency system which can send and
receiving data with minimum required resources (power, frequency
band, time, and cost) beside many other issues that must be
considered (such as data security, reliability, immunity to noise, better
control, weight, size, etc.).
 The source encoder removes redundant information from the message signal to
facilitate the transmission. The opposite is true for the channel encoder. It adds
redundant bits to the transmission to provide the capability of the error correction
and control at the receiver. Finally, the modulator represents each symbol of the
channel code word by an analog symbol. The sequence of analog symbols is called a
waveform, which is suitable for transmission over the physical channel.

 At the receiver, the channel output (the received signal) is processed in the order
reverse to that of the transmitter, thereby reconstructing a recognizable version of the
original message signal to be finally delivered to the user. From this description, it is
apparent that the design of a digital communication system is rather complex, but
nowadays electronics are inexpensive, due to the ever-increasing availability of VLSI
circuits in the form of silicon chips. Besides being easy to build, digital communications
offer greater tolerance of physical effects (e.g. temperature variations, aging,
mechanical vibrations) than its analog counterparts.
Advantages of digital communication systems:
1. Relatively inexpensive digital circuits may be used.
2. Privacy is preserved by using data encryption.
3. Voice, video, and data sources may be merged and transmitted over a common digital
system.
4. Errors can often be corrected using coding.
5. It is easy to regenerate the transmitted signal to be able to extend the receiver
distance. For example: A regenerative repeater:
Digital communication also has disadvantages:
 Generally, more bandwidth is required than that for analog systems.
 Synchronization is required.
 Despite the trend toward the ever-increasing use of digital communications, analog
communications are still in use; e.g., in radio. It is important to understand the
fundamentals of analog modulation techniques, thereby getting better insights into
why digital communications is more preferred nowadays.
COMMUNICATION MODES
In any communication link connecting two devices, data can be sent in one of three
communication modes. These are:
1. A simplex: the communication flow can only occur in one direction. e.g. broadcast
radio.
2. A half-duplex: communication in both directions, but not at the same time. e.g.
'walkie-talkies'.
3. A full-duplex: system can support simultaneous two-way communication. e.g.
telephone.
SYNCHRONOUS/ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS
 Synchronous (coherent) transmission: A synchronous system is one in which the
transmitter and receiver are operating continuously at the same number of symbols per
second in the desired phase relationship.
 Asynchronous (non-coherent) transmission: in an asynchronous system, no rigid timing
constraint is applied between the transmitter and the receiver.

Advantages of synchronous data communications


 Superior noise immunity due to matched filtering; that is. the symbol or bit is averaged
over its entire duration giving optimum noise and interference rejection and maximizing
signal power.
 Can accommodate higher data rates than asynchronous systems.

Disadvantages of synchronous data communications


 Requires finite time for synchronization to occur.
 Is more expensive and complex than asynchronous operation.
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
 In communications, perhaps more than any other field, the need
for standards to ensure correct interoperation of equipment is
paramount. Communication systems are always interworking
with other devices, possibly located on the other side of the
world.
 The drawing up of standards falls to a small number of national
and international bodies, with, for example, ITU (International
Telecommunications Union) being responsible for the drafting
standards of most of the new wireless and wired
communications.
SIGNALS & SPECTRA
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

1. Deterministic Signal vs. Random Signal.

2. Periodic Signal vs. Non-periodic Signal.

3. Analog Signal vs. Discrete Signal.

4. Energy Signal vs. Power Signal: where the mean power and the total energy are:
CORRELATION
CONVOLUTION

You might also like