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Electrochemical reaction, ion
electrode and its type
 Electrochemical reaction

 An electrochemical reaction can be defined as a chemical

reaction involving charge transfer through an interface. The
most commonly known form of charge transfer is the
transfer of electrons over a solid electrode–liquid electrolyte
interface.
 This can result in the production or consumption of
electrical energy
 Redox reaction

 Electrochemical reactions are based on two

simultaneous reactions. Oxidation and reduction also
known as redox reaction
 A redox reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction
in which electrons are transferred between two
reactants participating in it.
 The loss of electrons of a given reactant is called
oxidation. The gain of electrons of a reactant is called
reduction
 The substance getting reduced in a chemical reaction is
known as the oxidizing agent, It "oxidizes" the other
substance, while a substance that is getting oxidized is
known as the reducing agent. It "reduces" the other
substance.

 These reactions occur at two different electrodes in an

electrochemical cell
 Electrochemical Cell
 Electrochemical reaction typically occurs in an
electrochemical cell
 An electrochemical cell is a device that generates
electrical energy from chemical reactions. Electrical energy
can also be applied to these cells to cause chemical reactions
to occur.
 A basic electrochemical cell always consists of at least two
electrodes, that are immersed in an electrolyte solution. These
electrodes are connected to a direct current (DC) or potential
source.
 Electrodes
 The electrodes are the anode and the cathode.
 Anode: This is where oxidation occurs, meaning
electrons are released.
 Cathode: This is where reduction occurs, meaning
electrons are gained.
 The two electrodes are usually separated in the cell, and
a conductive solution (electrolyte) allows ions to flow
between them.
 Continue
 Electrolyte: It is made up of solutions of ions or
molten salts which can conduct electricity and ions
between the electrodes to maintain charge balance.
 Salt bridge: Some electrochemical cells have salt
bridge which completes the circuit of an
electrochemical cell, thereby allowing the flow of
current through it. It also helps maintain the overall
electrical neutrality of the cell.
 Continue…
 External Circuit
The path through which electrons flow from the anode to
the cathode, producing an electric current.
 There are two types of electrochemical cells

(1) Galvanic cell

(2) Electrolytic cell

 Galvanic cell
 Introduction

• Voltaic or galvanic cells are electrochemical devices that

use spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions to generate
electricity.
• Galvanic cells are important because they convert
chemical energy into electrical energy, which can be used
for many purposes lie batteries, medical devices, water
treatment
 Principle
 The principle of a Galvanic cell is based on the
conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy
through a spontaneous redox (reduction-oxidation)
reaction.
 Theelectrons flow through an external circuit from the
anode (where oxidation occurs) to the cathode (where
reduction occurs), generating an electric current.
 Working
 Oxidation at the Anode: At the anode, a metal (or ion)
loses electrons in the process of oxidation
 Reduction at the Cathode: At the cathode, a substance
gains electrons in the process of reduction.
 Electron Flow: The electrons flow from the anode to
the cathode through the external circuit. This flow of
electrons is what generates an electric current.
 Continue…
 Ionic Movement in the Electrolyte: To maintain
electrical neutrality, ions move through the salt bridge or
porous separator that connects the two half-cells.
 Cell Potential: The difference in the ability of the two
electrodes to gain or lose electrons creates a potential
difference (or voltage) between the anode and cathode
 Continue…
 Spontaneous Reactions: The reaction in a Galvanic cell
is spontaneous.
 The electrons travel from the zinc anode to the copper
cathode through the external circuit, and the salt bridge
maintains electrical neutrality by allowing the flow of
ions between the half-cells.
 This entire process generates electrical energy.
 Electolytic Cell
 Introduction:
 An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that uses an
external electrical energy source to drive a chemical
reaction. This process is known as electrolysis.
 Electrolytic cells are widely used in various industries,
including electroplating, water purification, and energy
storage.
 Principles of Electrolytic Cells

 An electrolytic cell consists of

two electrodes, an anode and a
cathode, immersed in an
electrolyte solution.
 When an external electrical
energy source is applied, the
electrodes undergo oxidation and
reduction reactions, resulting in
the transfer of ions and electrons.
 Components of Electrolytic Cells
1. Anode: The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs,
resulting in the release of electrons.
2. Cathode: The cathode is the electrode where reduction
occurs, resulting in the gain of electrons.
3. Electrolyte: The electrolyte is the solution that facilitates the
transfer of ions and electrons between the electrodes.
4. External Power Source: The external power source
provides the electrical energy necessary to drive the
electrolysis reaction.
 Types of Electrolytic Cells

 Electrolytic Capacitor: An electrolytic capacitor is an

electrolytic cell that stores electrical energy through the
electrochemical reaction.
 Fuel Cell: A fuel cell is an electrolytic cell that converts
chemical energy into electrical energy through an
electrochemical reaction.
 Applications of Electrolytic Cells
1. Electroplating: Electrolytic cells are used in
electroplating to deposit a thin layer of metal onto a
substrate.
2. Water Purification: Electrolytic cells are used in water
purification to remove impurities and contaminants
from water.
3. Energy Storage: Electrolytic cells are used in energy
storage applications, such as batteries and super
capacitors.
 Advantages:

1. High Efficiency:
Electrolytic cells can achieve high efficiency in converting
electrical energy into chemical energy.
2. Flexibility:
Electrolytic cells can be designed to operate at various
temperatures, pressures, and electrolyte concentrations.
 Applications of electrochemical
reactions

 Batteries
 Batteries are electrochemical devices that use chemical
reactions to generate electricity. Batteries are used in many
devices, such as flashlights, calculators, and automobiles.
 Electroplating

• Electroplating is a process that uses electricity to deposit a thin

layer of metal onto a surface.
• It is commonly used in the electronics and automotive
industries.
 Contine…
 Fuel Cells
• These convert chemical energy from fuels like hydrogen into
electricity, promoting clean energy solutions.
 Drug analysis
• Detecting and quantifying drugs in blood or urine samples.
 Electrochemistry in Clinical Chemistry:
• Electrochemical techniques are used in various clinical
chemistry tests, including:
 Contine…
 Corrosion Prevention
• Electrochemical methods protect metals from rusting, crucial
for infrastructure.
 Water Purification

• Electrolysis is used to produce disinfectants and separate

contaminants.
 Chemical Detection
• Electrochemical sensors detect specific chemicals or ions,
used in medical devices, environmental monitoring, and food
safety.
  Contine…
 DNA analysis:

• Electrochemical DNA sensors can detect specific DNA

sequences, useful for genetic testing and disease diagnosis.
 Ion electrodes

 Introduction:
 The ion electrode (or, to use the formal term, ion selective
electrode) is one that responds to specific ions in an
aqueous solution.
 In this sense, the pH-sensitive glass electrode can be
regarded as a hydrogen ion electrode.
 Principle

 Ion selective electrode (ISE) is an electrochemical

sensor that works based on the principle of a galvanic
cell.
 Itconverts the activity or concentration of a specific ion
present in a solution into electrical potential.
  Contine…

 It is very useful in environmental chemistry for the

analysis of dissolved carbon dioxide from water samples.
 Ion selective electrode can be used for the potentiometric
determination of several anions (fluoride, chloride,
bromide, iodide ion) and cations (sodium, potassium,
calcium ion).
o The electrode can also be used for endpoint detection in
potentiometric titration.
 Types of ion electrode

1. Glass membrane electrode

2. Solid state electrodes
3. Liquid Membrane Electrodes
4. Glass sensing electrode
 Glass membrane electrode
 The glass electrode develops a second potential at the
membrane separating the standard HCl and the test
solutions.
 The minute current flow required by the pH meter
develops a double layer in the solutions, causes ion
exchange at the inner and outer surfaces, and causes
diffusion of ions across the glass membrane.
 Applications
 Glass electrodes find a wide diversity of uses in a large
range of applications:
1. Research labs
2. Control of industrial processes
3. Analysis of foods and cosmetics
4. Monitoring of environmental pollution
5. Soil acidity measurement
 Solid state electrodes
 Introduction:
 Solid-state electrodes are a type of electrode that uses a
solid material, such as a metal oxide or a semiconductor, as
the active material.
 These electrodes have gained significant attention in recent
years due to their potential applications in various fields,
including energy storage, sensing, and catalysis.
 Principles of Solid-State Electrodes

 A solid-state electrode works by using a solid material

that can detect specific ions in a liquid. When the
electrode is placed in a solution, the ions it is designed
to sense interact with the solid material. This interaction
creates a small electrical signal (voltage), which changes
depending on the number of ions present. By measuring
this voltage, the electrode can determine the
concentration of those ions in the solution.
Advantages of Solid-State Electrodes
Solid-state
1. Improved Stability: Solid-state electrodes are more
stable than traditional electrodes, which can degrade
over time.
2. Increased Efficiency: Solid-state electrodes can
improve the efficiency of various electrochemical
reactions.
3. Reduced Cost: Solid-state electrodes can be less
expensive than traditional electrodes.
 Liquid Membrane Electrodes
 Introduction:

• Liquid membrane electrodes are a type of electrochemical

sensor that uses a liquid membrane to separate the sample
solution from the electrode.
• These electrodes have gained significant attention in
recent years due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and
stability.
 Principles of Liquid Membrane
Electrodes
 Liquid membrane electrodes work on the principle of
ion exchange and diffusion across the liquid membrane.
 The electrode consists of a liquid membrane that
separates the sample solution from the electrode.
 The liquid membrane is typically a hydrophobic solvent
that contains an ionophore, which is a molecule that
selectively binds to a specific ion.
 Advantages and Limitations of Liquid
Membrane Electrodes
1. High Sensitivity: Liquid membrane electrodes have high
sensitivity and can detect specific ions at very low
concentrations.
2. High Selectivity: Liquid membrane electrodes have high
selectivity and can selectively detect specific ions in the
presence of other ions.
3. Stability: Liquid membrane electrodes are stable and can
be used for a long time without significant degradation.
 Glass sensing electrode
A device that measures the potential difference between a
solution and the internal solution of the electrode.
This electrode is made of the following parts.
 Glass membrane
• The glass membrane is the most important part of the
electrode. It must be sensitive to acidity and alkalinity, but
not be damaged by them.
• The membrane also needs to have a reasonable electric
resistance and not generate an asymmetric difference in
potential.
 Contine…

 Internal solution
• The internal solution is usually a potassium chloride
solution with a pH of 7. It contains a fixed activity of
H+.
 Internal electrode
• The internal electrode is usually made of silver chloride
and is connected to a lead cable.
 Contine…
 pH meter
• The pH meter measures the potential difference across the
glass membrane.
• The theoretical potential across the glass membrane changes
by 59.2 mV for each unit change in solution pH.
 Applications of ion electrode

 Medicine

• Blood, serum measurement of potassium, calcium, sodium,

fluorides in samples urine - easy determination of fluorides,
ammonium and calcium
 Urine Analysis

• Measurement of urinary ions like potassium, sodium, and

chloride aids in diagnosing kidney function, electrolyte
disorders, and hydration status.
 Contine…

 Glucose Monitoring
• Though not strictly an ion, glucose monitoring can
involve enzyme-based electrodes (glucose oxidase-
based sensors), which are commonly used in point-of-
care glucose meters for diabetes management.
 Blood Gas Analysis
• Specialized electrodes measure carbon dioxide (pCO₂)
and oxygen (pO₂) levels in arterial blood.
 Food industry
 Meat and fish
• nitrite and nitrate measurements in meat and fish
processing, checking the fluoride level in fish protein to
state the toxin concentration
 Milk and dairy products
• monitoring of fluoride concentrations for checking some
toxins drinks and juices - determination of the
concentration of chlorides, fluorides and carbonates
alcoholic drinks, beer, wine - determining of
potassium, sodium, carbonate, fluoride, and/or bromide
levels
 Water systems

 Natural water - calcium, potassium, sodium, silver, lead,

ammonium, sulphide and carbonate ions are currently
determined.
 Drinking water - fluorides and nitrates are most frequently
measured substances
 Sea water - determination of halogenide, nitrate, potassium
and sodium ions
 Waste water - concentration measurements of copper, silver,
cyanides and ammonium.
 Research
 The electrode are used in following fields and branches:
 Food industry, agriculture, agronomy, medicine,
chemistry, physics, biology, stomatology, Enviroment
protection, etc.
 Reference:
 https://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwif
l52ZgpuKAxUlRKQEHVNVNoAQPAgI

 https://www.siyavula.com/read/za/physical-sciences/grade-12/electroc
hemical-reactions/13-electrochemical-reactions-07
 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3673406/
 https://www.horiba.com/ind/water-quality/support/electrochemistry/
the-basis-of-ph/measuring-ph-using-a-glass-electrode/#:~:text=In
%20the%20glass%2Delectrode%20method,generated%20between
%20the%20two%20electrodes.
 http://www.monokrystaly.cz/en/solid-state-electrodes.html
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Advantages-and-disadvantages-
of-SSEs-the-advantages-contain-safety-
nonflammable_fig1_354408425
 H. W. S. Hughes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 44, 2860. 1922; J. Chem. Soc.
Lond., 491, 2860.1928 2.