DATA AND ITS

TYPES
Presented By- LAXMI TUDU
MFS2311
2023-2025
 INTRODUCTION
Data refers to facts, statistics, or information collected for analysis. In the context
of statistics, data can be numerical or categorical and is typically used to derive
insights about a population through sampling methods.

OR

Data refers to the raw facts and figures collected for analysis, which can be
processed and organized to generate meaningful information.
 TYPES OF
DATA
Basically 1.PRIMARY
Data is of 2. SECONDARY
DATA
two types DATA
 PRIMARY DATA
• The primary data are those Which are collected afresh and for the first
time, and thus happen to be original in character.

• This is original data collected directly from the source for a specific
research purpose. Examples include surveys, interviews, and experiments
conducted by the researcher themselves.
 SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data consists of information that has already been
collected by others for different purposes. Researchers utilize this
data from sources like published articles, government reports, and
existing databases to support their studies.
 • These data are mostly expressed in quantified terms. However, quantitative data may not be available
in certain cases. In such a situation, the researcher has to consider the phenomenon as a whole
without breaking it down into measurable or quantifiable components.

• The data collected through the administration on the selected samples are of two types: -

DATA

1) QUALITATIVE 2) QUANTITATIVE

i) NOMINAL ii) ORDINAL a) DISCRETE b) CONTINUOUS

 1) QUALITATIVE
Qualitative data consist of ‘detailed descriptions’ of situations, events, people, interactions, and
observed behaviors. For examples: -

This type describes characteristics or qualities that cannot be measured numerically. It includes:

• Nominal Data: Categories without a specific order, e.g., gender, types of fruits, hair colours,
smoking status, that are analyzed using frequency counts.

• Ordinal Data: Categories with a natural order (e.g., survey ratings like poor to excellent,
Class– fresh, sophomore, junior, senior, super senior, Degree of illness – none, mild,
moderate, severe, …, going, going, gone), where the differences between categories are not
uniform
• The verbal data gathered through questionnaires, observations and interviews are
mostly qualitative in nature.

• The ‘entire passages’ from documents, correspondence records and case histories are
also examples of data of a qualitative nature.
 2) QUANTITATIVE
Quantitative data describe an empirical event or phenomenon in a numerical system with the help
of different scales of measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval scale, Ratio Scale.

i) NOMINAL: - Nominal scales of measurement are used when a set of objects among two or
more categories is to be differentiated on the basis of certain clearly known characteristics.

• For example, we may assign individuals categories such as sex (male and female), nationality
(French and Indian), level (school and higher), education (formal and non-formal), etc.

ii) ORDINAL: - The ordinal scales of measurement correspond to quantitative classification of

a set of objects done with the help of ranking on a continuum.

• For example, we may rank students according to their height from the lowest to the highest.
 2) QUANTITATIVE
iii) INTERVAL SCALE: - The interval scale of measurement is based on equal units of
measurement. It includes how much or how little of a given characteristic or attribute is present.

• For example, the difference in the amount of an attribute possessed by individuals with test
scores of 60 and 61 is assumed to be equivalent to that between individuals with scores of 50
and 51.

iv) RATIO SCALE: - Ratio scale is the highest level of measurement. Since this scale assumes
the existence of absolute zero, this type of measurement is almost non-existent in educational and
psychological measurement.

• Thus, quantitative data are expressed in nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales of
measurement.
 TYPES
a) DISCRETE DATA
• Discrete data are distinct, separate values that can be counted.

• Examples include the number of students in a class, the count of defects in a product, and
the number of goals scored in a game.

• Discrete data are used for counting and tracking occurrences, and they can be analyzed
using measures of central tendency such as mean and median.
b) CONTINUOUS DATA
• Continuous data can take any value within a range.

• Examples include height, weight, temperature, and time.

• Continuous data are used for measurements and observations, and they can be analyzed
using mean and median, as well as continuous probability distributions like the normal
distribution.
 REFERENCES
(What is Data in Statistics & Types Of Data With Examples, 2024)

(Different Types of Data You Need to Know, 2022)

(Types of Data in Statistics, n.d.)

 CONCLUSION
Data are of many types and it totally depends upon the samples that we
need to collect and analyze. In broad aspect it mainly of two types and
those are Qualitative and Quantitative, And the analysis that required in a
specific research work is also depends upon the type of data that you are
collecting, so in short everything is connected with each other if we are
writing any kind of research paper that need to be followed as well.
THANK YOU