MANAGEMENT

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Session objectives
🞂 ​Explain quality in software project
management

🞂 ​Explain project quality management processes

🞂 ​Describe tools and techniques

🞂 ​Explain types of project quality costs

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What Is Project Quality Management?
🞂 ​The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) defines quality as the total characteristics of an
entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or
implied needs

🞂 ​Other experts define quality based on

◦ Conformance to requirements: meeting written
specifications
◦ Fitness for use: ensuring a product can be used as it was
intended. 3
Project Quality Management Processes
1. Quality planning: identifying which quality standards
are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them
2. Quality assurance: evaluating overall project
performance to ensure the project will satisfy
the relevant quality standards
3. Quality control: monitoring specific project results
to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality
standards while identifying ways to improve overall
quality
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Modern Quality Management
🞂 ​Modern quality management
🞂 ​requires customer satisfaction

🞂 ​prefers prevention to inspection

🞂 ​recognizes management responsibility

for quality

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Quality Planning
🞂 ​It is important to design in quality and
communicate important factors that directly
contribute to meeting the customer’s requirements
🞂 ​Design of experiments helps identify which
variables have the most influence on the overall
outcome of a process
🞂 ​Many scope aspects of software projects affect
quality like functionality, features, system outputs,
performance, reliability, and maintainability
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Quality Assurance
🞂 ​Quality assurance includes all the activities related
to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a
project
🞂 ​Another goal of quality assurance is
continuous quality improvement
🞂 ​Benchmarking can be used to generate ideas
for quality improvements
🞂 ​Quality audits help identify lessons learned that
can improve performance on current or future
projects 7
Quality Control
🞂 ​The main outputs of quality control are
🞂 ​Acceptance decisions
🞂 ​Rework
🞂 ​Process adjustments
🞂 ​Some tools and techniques include
🞂 ​Pareto analysis
🞂 ​Statistical sampling
🞂 ​Quality control charts
🞂 ​Testing
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Pareto Analysis
🞂 ​Pareto analysis involves identifying the
vital few contributors that account for
the most quality problems in a system
🞂 ​Also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that
80% of problems are often due to 20%
of the causes
🞂 ​Pareto diagrams are histograms that
help identify and prioritize problem
areas 9
Sample Pareto Diagram

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Statistical Sampling and Standard Deviation
🞂 ​Statistical sampling involves choosing part of a population of
interest for inspection
🞂 ​The size of a sample depends on how representative you
want the sample to be
🞂 ​Sample size formula:

Sample size = 0.25 × (certainty Factor/acceptable error)2

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Commonly Used Certainty Factors

Confidence Level Certainty Factor

95% 1.960
90% 1.645
80% 1.281

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Standard Deviation
🞂 ​ Standard deviation measures how much variation exists
in a distribution of data

🞂 ​ A small standard deviation means that data cluster

closely around the middle of a distribution and there is
little variability among the data

🞂 ​ A normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve that

is symmetrical about the mean or average value of
a population
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Normal Distribution and Standard
Deviation

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 Sigma and Defective Units
Specification Percent of Defective
Range Population Units
(in +/- Within Per
Sigmas) Range Billion
1 68.27 317,300,000
2 95.45 45,400,000
3 99.73 2,700,000
4 99.9937 63,000
5 99.999943 57
6 99.9999998 2
Note: “Six sigma” often refers to +/-3 sigma, meaning 2.7 million defects per billion
units produced, or 2.7 defects per million.
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Quality Control Charts, Six Sigma,
and the Seven Run Rule
🞂 ​A control chart is a graphic display of data that
illustrates the results of a process over time. It
helps prevent defects and allows you to determine
whether a process is in control or out of control
🞂 ​Operating at a higher sigma value, like 6 sigma,
means the product tolerance or control limits have less
variability
🞂 ​The seven run rule states that if seven data points
in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or
increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be
examined for non-random problems
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Sample Quality Control Chart

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Reducing Defects with Six
Sigma

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Testing
🞂 ​Many SW professionals think of testing as a
stage that comes near the end of SW product
development

🞂 ​Testing should be done during almost every

phase of the SW product development life
cycle

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Testing tasks in the
software
development life
cycle

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Types of Tests
🞂 ​Unit testing is done to test each individual
component (often a program) to ensure it is as defect
free as possible
🞂 ​Integration testing occurs between unit and
system testing to test functionally grouped
components
🞂 ​System testing tests the entire system as one
entity
🞂 ​User acceptance testing is an independent test
performed by the end user prior to accepting the
delivered system 21
Gantt Chart for Building Testing into a
Systems Development Project Plan

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Improving Software Project Quality
🞂 ​Several suggestions for improving
quality for Software projects include:
🞂 ​Leadership that promotes quality
🞂 ​Understanding the cost of quality
🞂 ​Focusing on organizational influences
and workplace factors that affect quality
🞂 ​Following maturity models to improve
quality
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Leadership
“It is most important that top management be
quality-minded. In the absence of sincere
manifestation of interest at the top, little will happen
below.” (Juran, 1945)

A large percentage of quality problems are

associated with management, not technical issues

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The Cost of Quality
🞂 ​The cost of quality is

🞂 ​the cost of conformance or delivering products that

meet requirements and fitness for use.

🞂 ​the cost of nonconformance or taking responsibility

for failures or not meeting quality expectations.

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Cost Categories Related to Quality
🞂 ​The Cost of Quality category codes are
the following:
1) Prevention Costs
2) Appraisal Costs
3) Internal Error Costs
4) External Error Costs
5) Measurement and test equipment costs

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1. Prevention Costs
🞂 ​Prevention costs are investments
made ahead of time in an effort to
ensure conformance to requirements.
🞂 ​Examples include activities such as
orientation of team members, training,
and the development of project standards
and procedures.

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2. Appraisal Costs
🞂 ​Appraisal costs are costs incurred
to identify defects after the fact.
🞂 ​Examples include activities such as
walk- throughs and testing.

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3. Internal Error Costs
🞂 ​Internal error costs are the costs of
rework and repair before delivery to a
customer.
🞂 ​An example is fixing faults
detected during internal testing.

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 4. External Error Costs
🞂 ​External error costs are the costs of
rework and repair after delivery to a
customer.
🞂 ​One example would be rework and
repair resulting from acceptance testing.
🞂 ​Another example would be the actual
costs incurred during warranty support.
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5. Measurement and Test Equipment
Costs

🞂 ​Measurement and test equipment

costs include capital cost of equipment
used to perform prevention and
appraisal activities

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ISO 9000
🞂 ​An international set of standards for
quality management.
🞂 ​Applicable to a range of organisations
from manufacturing to service industries.
🞂 ​ISO 9001 applicable to organisations
which design, develop and maintain
products.
🞂 ​ISO 9001 is a generic model of the quality
process that must be instantiated for each
organisation using the standard.
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ISO 9000 certification
🞂 ​Quality standards and procedures should
be documented in an organisational
quality manual.
🞂 ​An external body may certify that an
organisation’s quality manual conforms to
ISO 9000 standards.
🞂 ​Some customers require suppliers to be
ISO 9000 certified although the need for
flexibility here is increasingly recognised.
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Software quality attributes

Safety Understandability Portability

Security Testability Usability
Reliability Adaptability Reusability
Resilience Modularity Efficiency
Robustness Complexity Learnability

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Many thanks

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