COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTAL
 SOME CONCEPT OF
COMPUTER ?

•M E A N I N G O F C O M P U T E R
•U S E S O F C O M P U T E R
•E L E M E N T S O F C O M P P U T E R
•C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F C O M P U T E R
•T Y P E S O F C O M P U T E R
•H I S T O RY O F C O M P U T E R
•C P U
•V I R T UA L M E M O RY
 Meaning of Computer

In simplest form, a Computer is an electronic

device i.e. a flexible machine which is able to
manipulate data so that it is easy for the user
to understand it in useful manner.

Some says that a Computer is programmable

i.e. computer depends totally on the program,
which the computer is using.
 Meaning of Computer

BUT …
One of the most widely accepted definition
of Computer includes the following program
is IPOS Cycle:-
Input
Under the direction of a program,
the computer uses
these step of process as Storage Processin
g
per the need of the user

Output
 Use of Computer

 The purpose of the computer is to transform the

data into information.
Data Information
• Some kind of • Data which has been
unorganized material made useful and
that can be entered into meaningful.
the computer. • Its is the result of all
• A rough sketch, a first the changes that needs
draft that needs to be done on the data.
polishing, figures from
company and many
 Somemoreof the places where computer is used are
supermarket’s bill, getting cash from ATM,
astronomy, rocket launches, nuclear fissions etc.
 Elements of Computer

There are 5 Elements of Computer :-

Hardwar
Software Data
e

Procedu
People
re
 Elements of Computer

• Hardware refers to the physical

elements of a computer. Also referred to
Hardwar as the machinery or the equipment of
the computer.
e • Computer hardware is versatile which
depend on memory.
• Memory is the temporary workspace

• It is the set of guidelines/instruction

that guides the hardware through its
job.
• Its includes :-
Software • Programming Language
• System & Application Software
Package
• Application software
 Elements of Computer

• Its is ram material which compute uses to extract

information

Data
• Its is the input to processing and information is the
output
• Information is more relevant, timely, accurate,
concise and complete than data.

• It is the most important part as human intervention

People is must for most functions of a computer.

• The people who are knowledgeable in the working of
computer are called Power Users

Procedur • Procedures are the steps that one follow to

accomplish computer related work
e
 Characteristics of Computer

Speed
• Computers are fast. Many of today's computers can perform hundreds of
millions of processing operations in one second.
Reliability
• Computers are reliable. Today's computers may run day in and day out for
years without failure.
Accuracy
• The computer's physical processing circuits rarely make errors. Computers
make errors, of course, but there are almost always due to faulty programs
or incorrect data input.
Storage
• Today's personal computers can be equipped with disks capable of storing
more than forty billion characters.
Information
• Computers can move information very quickly from one place to another.
 Types of Computer

There are 7 types of computer:-

Supercomput Minicompute
Mainframes
er r

Workstation
or Portable Embedded
Microcomput Computer Computer
er

Tablet PCs
 Types of Computer

Supercomputer
• These are the fastest, most powerful and most expensive computer
made.
• They uses Multi-processing in order to the maximum speed.

Mainframes
• They are much more suitable than supercomputer
• A mainframe computer system is usually composed of several computers
in addition to the mainframe or host processor.
• Sometimes a backend processor is used to handle data retrieval
operations.

Minicomputer
• The major difference between mainframes and minicomputers is in
scale.
• Minicomputers can perform the same types of tasks as mainframes, but
minicomputers are a little slower.
• Like mainframes, minicomputers can accommodate remote users, but
not as many.
Workstation or Microcomputer
• Workstations: This is a powerful desktop computer designed to meet the
computing need of engineers, architects and other professionals who need
detailed graphics displays.
• Microcomputers: The boundary between workstations and personal computers
is becoming less distinct. Today's best personal computers are more powerful
and offer more precise displays than the workstations of the recent past. The
new Pentium Pro microcomputers have multiprocessing capabilities.
Portable Computer
• A portable computer is a computer that has been designed to be easily
transported from one location to another. These computers contain a separate
display and keyboard. They can also be referred to as a mobile computer, a
portable workstation, a portable personal computer (PC), a lunchbox computer
or a luggable computer.

Embedded Computers
• These computers are embedded computers. These are built into special-
purpose devices, such as video game players, microwave ovens, 'smart' Video
cassette recorders, wrist-watches, programmable furnace thermostats and
'smart' alarm clocks.
• Many people don’t realize that today’s cars use tiny computers to control the
engine.

Tablet PCs
• A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device,
typically with a mobile operating system and touch screen display
processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat
package. Tablets, being computers, have similar capabilities, but lack
some input/output (I/O) abilities that others have.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 What is CPU?

 In order to work, a computer needs some sort of

'brain' or 'calculator'. At the core of every
computer, there is a device roughly the size of a
large postage stamp. This device is known as the
Central Processing Unit (CPU). This is the 'brain' of
the computer; it reads and executes program
instructions, performs calculations and makes
decisions. The CPU is responsible for
storing and retrieving
information on disks and
other media.
 Components of CPU

Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Memory Unit

• The control unit directs • The arithmetic logic unit • The Memory Unit is the
the entire computer executes arithmetic and part of the computer that
system to carry out logical operations. holds data and
stored program Arithmetic operations instructions for
instructions. The control include addition, processing.
unit must communicate subtraction, • There are 2 types of
with both the arithmetic multiplication and Memory unit:-
logic unit and main division. Logical • RAM
memory. The control unit operations compare • ROM
uses the instruction numbers, letters and • Cache Memory
contained in the special characters.
Instruction Register to • These operations (=, <, • Flash Memory
decide which circuits >) are used to describe
need to be activated. the comparison
operations used by the
arithmetic logic unit.
 Virtual Memory

 Virtual memory is a memory management technique where

secondary memory can be used as if it were a part of the main
memory. Virtual memory is a common technique used in a
computer's operating system (OS).
 Virtual memory uses both hardware and software to enable a
computer to compensate for physical memory shortages,
temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM)
to disk storage. Mapping chunks of memory to disk files enables a
computer to treat secondary memory as though it were main
memory.
 Today, most personal computers (PCs) come with at least 8 GB
(gigabytes) of RAM. But, sometimes, this is not enough to run
several programs at one time. This is where virtual memory comes
in. Virtual memory frees up RAM by swapping data that has not
been used recently over to a storage device, such as a hard drive
or solid-state drive (SSD).
Hierarchy of Memory
 DEVICES RELATED TO
COMPUTER ?

•I N P U T D E V I C E S
•O UT P U T D E V I C ES
•A U X I L I A RY D E V I C ES
 Input Devices

Keyboard
• Keyboard is an input device; consisting of a set of typewriter-like keys that enables to
enter data into a computer.
• The standard layout of letters, numbers and punctuation is known as a QWERTY
keyboard

Mouse
• Mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display
screen
• There are three basic types of Mouse: Mechanical, Optomechanical, Optical

Trackball
• Trackball is a mouse lying on its back. To move the pointer, we rotate the ball with our
thumb, our fingers or the palm of our hand.

Joystick
• With a joystick, the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick is pointing. To
stop the pointer, we must return the joystick to its upright position.
Digitizing Tablet
• This is an input device that enables to enter drawings and sketches into a
computer. A digitizing tablet consists of an electronic tablet and a cursor or
pen.

Scanners
• Scanner is an input device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper
and translate the information into a form that the computer can use

Digital Camera
• Images can be input into a computer using a digital camera.
• These images can then be manipulated in many ways using the various
imaging tools available.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

• This allows the computer to recognize characters printed using magnetic ink.
MICR is a direct-entry method used in banks.

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

• OMR also called mark sensing, is a technology where an OMR device senses
the presence or absence of a mark, such as a pencil mark.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
• It refers to the branch of computer science that involves reading text from
paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can
manipulate

Bar Code Reader

• Bar-code readers are photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes or
vertical zebra striped marks, printed on product containers

Speech Input Devices

• Speech or voice input devices convert a person’s speech into digital form.
These input devices, when combined with appropriate software, form voice
recognition systems.

Touch Screen
• Touch screen is a type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent
panel covering the screen. Instead of using a pointing device such as a mouse
or light pen, we can use our finger to point directly to objects on the screen.

Touch Pad
• It is a small, touch-sensitive pad used as a pointing device on some portable
computers
Light Pen
• Light Pen is an input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display
screen

Biometrics
• Biometrics is the identification of a person by the measurement of their biological features.
• Types of Biometrics :- Face scanner, Hand scanner, Finger scanner, Retina or iris scanner and
Voice scanner

Graphics tablet
• Alternatively referred to as a drawing tablet and pen tablet, a graphics tablet is a highly
accurate hardware input device that enables an artist to draw or sketch easier than they would
be able to do with a standard computer mouse.

Light gun
• A light gun is a pointing input device that detects light using a photodiode in the gun
barrel.
• When the player of the game pulls the trigger on the gun, the screen is blanked out for
a fraction of a second, which allows the photodiode to determine where the gun is
pointed.

Stylus
• A pen-shaped instrument used with graphics tablets or touch screen input devices to
write or draw on the computer screen, similar to a sheet of paper.
 Output Devices

Classificatio Characteristi
cs

Monito
n

Size
Based on Based on

r Color Signal
Resolution

Monochrom Digital
Bandwidth
Monitor is another e Monitor
term for the display
Refresh
screen. The term Analog Rate
monitor, however, Gray-scale:
Monitor
usually refers to the Dot-pitch
entire box, whereas
display screen can Color Convergen
mean just the screen. ce
 Output Devices

Categories of Characteristic
Printers
s of Printers
Daisy-

Printer wheel
Printer
Dot-matrix
Printer
Quality of
type

Ink-jet Speed
Printer
Printer is a device that
prints text or illustrations Laser Impact or
Printer
on paper and in many Non-impact
cases on transparencies WD & LED
Printers
and Graphics
Line
other media. There are Printer
many different types of
printers. Thermal Fonts
Printer
 Output Devices

• Plotter is a device that draws pictures on paper based on commands from a computer.
Plotter Plotters differ from printers as they draw lines using a pen.

• Sound card is an expansion board that enables a computer to manipulate and output
sounds
Sound Cards & • Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the
board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer and
Speakers manipulate sound stored on a disk.

• 3D audio is a technique for giving more depth to traditional stereo sound. Typically,
3D-Audio 3D sound or 3D audio, is produced by placing a device in a room with stereo speakers.

Global • GPS is a network of satellites that helps users determines a location on Earth
Positioning
System

• An output device that can take the display of a computer screen and project a large
Projector version of it onto a fl at surface.
AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES
 OPERATING SYSTEM

 An operating system (OS) is system software that manages

Users
computer hardware and software resources, and provides
Applic
common services for computer programs. a-tion
 It is the interface between the hardware and the user. OS
 2 major objectives:
 Making computer user-friendly Hardwa
re
 Managing resources of computer

TYPES
OF OS

User Interfa
type ce type

Single- Multi- CUI/

GUI
user user CLI
 FUNCTIONS OF OS

PROCESS MANAGEMENT

Process is a program that is under

execution. Process management
involves various tasks like creation,
scheduling, termination of
processes, and a dead lock.

FILE MANAGEMENT
File management refers to the set of processes and techniques
involved in creating, organizing, accessing, manipulating, and
controlling files stored on storage devices. It includes tasks that
ensure efficient handling of files, including their creation,
deletion, naming, classification, and protection.
 MEMORY MANAGEMENT
It takes into account the capacity limitations of the memory device itself, allocating &
deallocating memory space when it is no longer needed or extending that space
through virtual memory.

DEVICE MANAGEMENT
It includes the process of locating, setting up, allocating, and managing access to
devices like printers, scanners, storage units, etc. It also provides an interface
between the devices and the rest of the system that is simple and easy to use.

SECURITY
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other
techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data. The
operating system provides various techniques which assure the integrity and
confidentiality of user data.

COMMAND INTERPRETATION
A command interpreter is an interface of the OS with the user. Its main function is to
get and execute the user specific command. The user gives commands which are
executed by OS.
 MEASURING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE

The efficiency of an OS and the overall performance of a

computer system can be measured by:
 Throughput - It is the amount of work system is able to do
per unit of time.
___ processes per second

 Turnaround time - It is the interval from the time of

submission of a job to the system for processing to the time
of completion of the job.

 Response time – It is the interval from the time of

submission of a job to the system for processing to the time
the first response for the job is produced by the system.