8- Time Varying Fields - Maxwells Equations

TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS
Two new concepts will be introduced: the electric field produced by a

changing magnetic field and the magnetic field produced by a changing electric
field. The first of these concepts resulted from experimental research by Michael
Faraday, and the second from the theoretical efforts of James Clerk Maxwell.
In terms of fields, we now say that a time-varying magnetic field produces

an electromotive force (emf) which may establish a current in a suitable closed
circuit. An electromotive force is merely a voltage that arises from conductors
moving in a magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields, and we shall define
it below. Faraday's law is customarily stated as
A nonzero value of dÈ=dt may result from any of the following situations:
1. A time-changing flux linking a stationary closed path
2. Relative motion between a steady flux and a closed path
3. A combination of the two
The minus sign is an indication that the emf is in such a direction as to
produce a current whose flux, if added to the original flux, would reduce the
magnitude of the emf. This statement that the induced voltage acts to produce an
opposing flux is known as Lenz's law.
If the closed path is that taken by an N-turn filamentary conductor, it is

often sufficiently accurate to consider the turns as coincident and let
where È is now interpreted as the flux passing through any
one of N coincident paths.
note that it is the voltage about a specific closed path. If any

part of the path is changed, generally the emf changes. The
departure from static results is clearly shown by (3), for an
electric field intensity resulting from a static charge dis-
tribution must lead to zero potential difference about a closed
path. In electro-statics, the line integral leads to a potential
difference; with time-varying fields, the result is an emf or a
voltage.
Let the position of the shorting bar be given by y; the
flux passing through the surface within the closed path
at any time t is then
Let us now consider this example using the concept of motional emf. The
force on a charge Q moving at a velocity v in a magnetic field B is
The force per unit charge, as given by (10), is called

the motional electric field intensity Em ,
The motional emf produced by the moving conductor is then
In the case of a conductor moving in a uniform constant magnetic field, we

may therefore ascribe a motional electric field intensity Em ˆ v Â B to every
portion of the moving conductor and evaluate the resultant emf by
If the magnetic flux density is also changing with time, then we must
include both contributions, the transformer emf (5) and the motional emf
(12),
10.2 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
The divergence of the curl is identically zero, so r Á J is also zero. However,
the equation of continuity,
then shows us that (16) can be true only if @ v =@t ˆ 0. This is an unrealistic
limitation, and (16) must be amended before we can accept it for time-varying
fields. Suppose we add an unknown term G to (16),
Since it results from a time-varying electric flux den-sity (or displacement

density), Maxwell termed it a displacement current density. We sometimes
denote it by Jd :
In a nonconducting medium in which

no volume charge density is present, J ˆ 0, and then
The total displacement current crossing any given surface is expressed by
the surface integral,
and applying Stokes' theorem,
What is the nature of displacement current density? Let us study the simple
circuit of Fig. 10.3, containing a filamentary loop and a parallel-plate capacitor.
Within the loop a magnetic field varying sinusoidally with time is applied to
produce an emf about the closed path (the filament plus the dashed portion
between the capacitor plates) which we shall take as
Using elementary circuit theory and assuming the loop has negligible resis-
tance and inductance, we may obtain the current in the loop as
. Let us apply Ampere's circuital law about the smaller

closed circular path k and neglect displacement current for
the moment:
Now we need to consider displacement
current, for within the capacitor
Displacement current is associated with time-varying electric fields and

therefore exists in all imperfect conductors carrying a time-varying conduction
current.
10.4 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM

8- Time Varying Fields - Maxwells Equations

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TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

Two new concepts will be introduced: the electric field produced by a

In terms of fields, we now say that a time-varying magnetic field produces

If the closed path is that taken by an N-turn filamentary conductor, it is

note that it is the voltage about a specific closed path. If any

The force per unit charge, as given by (10), is called

The motional emf produced by the moving conductor is then

In the case of a conductor moving in a uniform constant magnetic field, we

Since it results from a time-varying electric flux den-sity (or displacement

In a nonconducting medium in which

and applying Stokes' theorem,

. Let us apply Ampere's circuital law about the smaller

Displacement current is associated with time-varying electric fields and

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