Binary Search Tree

Presented By
Halima Binta Rashid
 Binary Search Tree

A Binary Search Tree is a binary tree with the following

properties:
(a). All items in the left subtree are less than the root.
(b). All items in the right subtree are greater or equal to
the root.
(c). Each subtree is itself a binary search tree.

Root

2
All < Root Root<= All
 Cont.
Following is a pictorial representation of BST

We observe that the root node key (27) has all less-valued
keys on the left sub-tree and the higher valued keys on the
right sub-tree. 3

There must be no duplicate nodes.

 Cont.
Which of the above trees are binary search trees?
 (a) and (b)
Why isn’t (b) a binary search tree?
 It violates the property no. 3
6 6

2 8
2
8

1 4 1 4

7 4
3

A Binary Search Tree Not a Binary Search Tree

Example of sorting using BST
Input Sequence: 2 3 8 4 5 7 6 1 2.5 2.4
Creating Binary Search Tree of above given input sequence
2

3
1

8
2.5

4
2.4

7 5

6
 BST Searching
Suppose T is a binary search tree.
Suppose an ITEM of information is given. The following
algorithm finds the location of ITEM in the binary search tree
T, or inserts ITEM as a new node in its appropriate place in
the tree.
(a). Compare ITEM with the root node N of the tree
(I). If ITEM < N, proceed to the left child of N.
(II). If ITEM > N, proceed to the right child of N.
(b). Repeat Step (a) until one of the following occurs:
(I). We meet a node N such that ITEM = N. In this case the search is
successful.
(II). We meet an empty subtree, which indicates that the search is 6

unsuccessful, and we insert ITEM in place of the empty subtree.

 Example
Consider the binary search tree T in fig. Suppose ITEM=20 is
given. Simulating the above algorithm, we obtain the following
steps:
(1). Compare ITEM=20 with the root, 38, of the tree T. Since
20<38, proceed to the left child of 38, which is 14.
(2). Compare ITEM=20 with 14. Since 20>14, proceed to the right
child of 14, which is 23.
(3). Compare ITEM=20 with 23. Since 20<23, proceed to the left
child of 23, which is 18.
(4). Compare ITEM=20 with 18. Since 20>18 and 18 does not have
a right child, insert 20 at the right child of 18.

7
 Cont.

38 38

14 56 14 56

45 82 45 82
8 23 8 23

70 70
18 18

20

Fig ITEM=20 Inserted

Cont.

9
Cont.

10
 Successor and Predecessor
The Successor of a node X is the node with the smallest key
greater than X.
The Predecessor of a node X is the node with the largest key
smaller than X.

11
Deleting in a Binary Search Tree
Suppose T is a Binary search tree, and suppose an ITEM of
information is given.
Case-1: N has no children. Then N is deleted from T by
simply replacing the location of N in the parent node P(N)
by the null pointer.
Case-2: N has exactly one child. Then N is deleted from T
by simply replacing the location of N in the parent node
P(N) by the location of the only child of N.
Case-3: N has two children. Let S(N) denote the inorder
successor of N. ( The reader can verify that S(N) does not
have a left child.) Then N is deleted from T by first deleting
S(N) from T (by using Case-1 or Case-2) and then replacing 12
node N in T by the node S(N).
Deleting in a Binary Search Tree
Suppose T is a Binary search tree, and suppose an ITEM of
information is given.
Case-1: N has no children. Then N is deleted from T by
simply replacing the location of N in the parent node P(N)
by the null pointer.
Example-1: Delete key=7 Example-2: Delete key=35

13
 Cont.
Case-2: N has exactly one child. Then N is deleted from T by
simply replacing the location of N in the parent node P(N) by
the location of the only child of N.

Example-1: Delete key=40 Example-2: Delete key=15

14
 Cont.
Case-3: N has two children. Let S(N) denote the inorder
successor of N.Then N is deleted from T by first deleting
S(N) from T and then replacing node N in T by the node
S(N).

¥Replace with the largest key in the left subtree or the

smallest in the right subtree.
¥The largest key must be in a leaf or degree 1 node.

15
 Cont.
Replace with the largest key in the left subtree or the smallest
in the right subtree.
Example-1: Delete key=10

16
 Cont.
Which node is the largest key in the left subtree?

Example-2: Delete key=8

17
18