Web Design

Department of
ICTE

Third Stage

Prepared by:
Dr. Aram Mouwafak Khursheed
2024-2025
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Introduction to the Internet and the World Wide Web
The Internet is a global network of networks.
People and organizations connect into the Internet so
they can access its massive store of shared
information.
The Internet is an inherently participative medium.
Anybody can publish information or create new
services.
The Internet is a cooperative endeavor -- no
organization is in charge of the net.

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 How Do I Connect to the Internet?
Computer
Connection - Phone Line, Cable, DSL, Wireless, ...
Modem
Network Software - TCP/IP
Application Software - Web Browser, Email, ...
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

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What Can I Do on the Internet?
Send and receive email messages.
Download free software with FTP (File Transfer
Protocol).
Post your opinion to a Usenet newsgroup.
Yack it up on IRC (Internet Relay Chat).
Surf the World Wide Web.
And much, much more.
There is no charge for most services.

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What is the World Wide Web?
The Web was invented in 1991 by Tim Berners-
Lee, while consulting at CERN (
European Organization for Nuclear Research) in
Switzerland.
The Web is a distributed information system.
The Web contains multimedia.
Information in the Web is connected by
hyperlinks.

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The World Wide Web (WWW)
The Web, is an information space where documents and other
web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the
Internet.
The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without
much distinction. However, the two are not the same. The
Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
In contrast, the World Wide Web is a global collection of
documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.
Web resources are usually accessed using HTTP, which is one of
many Internet communication protocols.
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Web servers and browsers
 web server: software that listens for web page requests
o Apache
o Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (part of Windows)
 web browser: fetches/displays documents from web servers
o Mozilla Firefox
o Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
o Apple Safari
o Google Chrome
o Opera

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Browsing the Web
A web page is a document on the World Wide
Web.
A web browser is a computer program you use to
retrieve and view web pages.
The most popular browsers are Microsoft
Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

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Serving the Web

Web pages are stored in computers called web

servers.
Any organization can set up a web server.
A web site is a collection of web pages.
The starting point for a web site sometimes is
called a home page.

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Domain Name System (DNS)
 a set of servers that map written names to IP addresses
o Example: www.cs.washington.edu → 128.208.3.88
 many systems maintain a local cache called a hosts file
o Windows: C:\Windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
o Mac: /private/etc/hosts
o Linux: /etc/hosts

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How does DNS work?
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname
(such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address
(such as 192.168.1.1). An IP address is given to each device on
the Internet, and that address is necessary to find the appropriate
Internet device - like a street address is used to find a particular
home. When a user wants to load a webpage, a translation must
occur between what a user types into their web browser
(example.com) and the machine-friendly address necessary to
locate the example.com webpage.

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Hyperlinks
 The set of commands understood by a web server and sent
from a browser
 some HTTP commands (your browser sends these internally):
o GET filename: download (Retrieve information from the
server)
o POST filename: send a web form response(create or update a
resource)
o PUT filename: upload

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Hyperlinks
Hyperlinks typically appear as highlighted
(underlined and colored) phrases.
Your mouse cursor will turn to a "pointing finger"
when you've found a hyperlink.
Click once to follow a hyperlink.
Graphics can be hyperlinks.

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Web Security
Secure web pages use encryption to protect from
eavesdroppers.
Secure web pages use https.
The lock icon closes on a secure page.
The privacy policy should tell you what the
recipient will do with that information.

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What's the URL?
The uniform resource locator (URL) is the unique
identifier of a web page.
 a basic URL:
http://www.aw-bc.com/info/regesstepp/index.html
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
protocol host path
 upon entering this URL into the browser, it would:
o ask the DNS server for the IP address of www.aw-bc.com
o connect to that IP address at port 80
o ask the server to GET /info/regesstepp/index.html
o display the resulting page on the screen 15
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
The location window displays the URL of the
current page.
You can go directly to a web page if you know its
URL: click once in the location window and type
it in.

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What's on the Web Page?
Some sites use advertising to subsidize free
content.
Most large web sites have some navigation
scheme to find information.
Links on the home page will bring you directly to
featured content.

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Bookmarks
A bookmark marks your place on the Web.
Press the Bookmark button for the bookmarks
menu.
Select "Add Bookmark" to create a bookmark for
the current page.
Bookmarks stay on the computer where you make
them.

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Web languages / technologies
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): used for writing web
pages
 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): stylistic info for web pages
 PHP Hypertext Processor (PHP): dynamically create pages on a
web server
 JavaScript: interactive and programmable web pages
 Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax): accessing data for
web applications
 eXtensible Markup Language (XML): metalanguage for
organizing data
 Structured Query Language (SQL): interaction with databases
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