Object Oriented Programming

Introduction to ICT
(CSC241 )

INTRODUCTION
TO ICT
Lecture#1

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad

Campus
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Basic Definition of Information Technology (IT)
 Computer Technology & Communications Technology
 Role of IT in Society
 Computing Models
 Turing Model
 Von Neumann Model
 Input Devices
 Keyboard
 Pointing & Touch Devices
 Game Controllers
 Optical Input Devices
 Audio and video input Devices
 Output Devices
 Monitors
 Audio Output
 Printers & Plotters
Tutor::Dr. Fiaz Gul Khan
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 BASIC DEFINITION OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (IT)

 Definition 1:
 Information technology (IT) is the technology that uses computing with
high-speed communication links to spread information from one place
to another.

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CONT…

 The interconnection of computers enable people to send and

receive information
 Communication links are also used to communicate with different
people in the world
 The world has become a global village due to IT
 Information play important role in every field of life
 improve standard of life
 Used for solving different problems
 IT has enabled different type of organizations and institutions to be
a part of digital convergence

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COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY &
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

 Information and communications technology (ICT) is an

extensional term for information technology (IT)
 Definition:
 All devices , networking components, applications and system that
combined allow people and organization to interact in the digital world.

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COMPONENT OF ICT

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 ROLE OF IT IN SOCIETY

 IT play an important role in different filed of life:

Education
Finance
Government
Health Care
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Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
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COMPUTING MODELS

 The idea of a universal computational device was first described by

Alan Turing in 1937.
 He proposed that all computation could be performed by a special
kind of a machine, now called a Turing machine.
 He based the model on the actions that people perform when
involved in computation.
 Turing machines are theoretical concepts invented to explore the
domain of computable problems mathematically and to obtain ways
of describing these computations.
 Turing presented a mathematical description of such a machine, he
was more interested in the philosophical definition of computation
than in building the actual machine.
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 TURING MODEL

• The Turing model is a better model for a general-purpose computer.

• This model adds an extra element to the specific computing machine : the program.

Fig 1.1: A single purpose computing machine Fig 1.2: A computer based on the
Turing model
• A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with
data.
• A program is a set of instructions written in a computer language.
• The output data depend on the combination of two factors: the input
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data and the program.
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Fig 1.3: The same program, different data

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CONT…

Fig 1.4:The same data, different programs

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CONT…

 A universal Turing machine, a machine that can do any

computation if the appropriate program is provided, was the first
description of a modern computer.
 We need only provide the data and the program—the description
of how to do the computation—to either machine.
 In fact, a universal Turing machine is capable of computing
anything that is computable.

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VON-NEUMANN MODELS

 Early computers (e.g. ENIAC) ran fixed programs; creating a new

program for the computer required rewiring the machine.
 John von Neumann had the idea of storing the program inside the
memory of the computer.
 Computers built on the Turing universal machine store data in their memory.
 Von-Neumann Architecture is one of the two most
Computer Architecture Models which are used so common in the
present-day IT field in computer systems.
 Around 1944–1945, John von Neumann proposed that, since program and data
are logically the same, programs should also be stored in the memory of a
computer.
Fig 1: Von-Neumann COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus 14
CONT…

Fig 1.5: The Von Neuman model

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CONT…

 Von-Neumann Architecture is otherwise called as Von-Neumann

model or Princeton architecture and sometime even called as
shared program model
 Properties of Von-Neumann Architecture
1. The stored program concept:
 The von Neumann model states that the program must be stored in memory.
 The memory of modern computers hosts both a program and its
corresponding data.
 They are stored as binary patterns (a sequence of 0s and 1s) in memory.

2. Sequential execution of instructions

 A program is made of a finite number of instructions.
 They are executed sequentially.
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A WORLD OF COMPUTERS

 Computers are everywhere

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 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data,
process the data according to specified rules, produce results, and
store the results for future use.

Produces
Collects
informati
data Processing
on
(input)
(output)

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DATA AND INFORMATION

 Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text,

numbers, images, audio, and video.
 Information conveys meaning and is useful to people.

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WHAT IS COMPUTER?

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THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

 A computer contains many electric, electronic, and

mechanical components known as hardware
• Allows you to enter data and instructions into a
Input Device computer

Output • Hardware component that conveys information to one or

Device more people

• Case that contains the electronic components of the

System Unit computer that are used to process data

Storage • Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and

Device from storage media
• Enables a computer to send and receive data,
Communicati instructions, and information to and from one or more
ons Device computers or mobile devices
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CONT…

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF USING COMPUTERS
 Advantages of  Disadvantages of
Using Computers Using Computers

Speed Health Risks

Reliability Violation of Privacy

Consistency Public Safety

Impact on Labor
Storage Force
Impact on
Communications Environment
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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Analog

Digital

Hybrid
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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
• Computers are classified on the basis of size, speed, processing power and
price
Personal computers

Mobile computers and mobile devices

Workstation

Mini Computers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Embedded computers

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PERSONAL COMPUTERS/MICRO
COMPUTERS
 Personal Computers are used by individuals (Single user
computer)
 Consists of processor, memory, one or more I/O devices, storage
devices and communication devices
 Commonly used personal computers are:
 PCs (compatible with Windows)and Apple(compatible with Mac OS)

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CONT…

 Major types of personal computers are :

1. Desktop computer
2. Portable computer
 Desktop computers :
 The most common type of personal computer
 Designed in a way all its components fits on the desk or table
 Performs a variety of tasks
 Portable computer
 Mobile personal computer that can be carried from one place to other
 Has I/O, storage and processing components integrated in a single unit
 Can receive power from a battery
 Types of portable computers are: Laptop, Ultrabook , Tablets etc
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MOBILE DEVICES AND MOBILE
COMPUTERS
 Mobile Devices
 Designed to hold in the hand
 Small screen
 Data are permanently stored on a special memory or on small storage media
such as smart card
 Always powered by rechargeable battery system
 Types of mobile devices : Smartphone

• Mobile Computers, Handheld computers, palm computer

 Personal computer you can carry from place to place
 Very small computers
 Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
 Note taking or contact management
 Data can synchronize with a desktop
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WORKSTATION

 Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM),

desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of
applications which require a moderate amount of computing power and
relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen,
large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface.
 Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive, but
a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a
disk drive.
 Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like
 PC, Workstations are also single-user computers.
 However, workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area
network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

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CONT…

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MINICOMPUTER

 It is a midsize computer.
 A minicomputer is a multi-processing system capable of
supporting from up to 250 users simultaneously (multi-user
computer)

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 Called midrange computers

 Power between mainframe and desktop
 Used in smaller organizations
 Users access through a terminal
 Example
 HP300
 Prime 9955

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MAINFRAMES

 Called enterprise server of high-ended server

 Large in term of price, power and speed
 Consists of multiprocessor
 performed multiple tasks
 Used in large organizations
 Handle thousands of users simultaneously (Multi-User Computer)
 Users access through a terminal
 Large and powerful systems
 Example • IBM S-390 • IBM System Z10 •
 Uses
 Used in large organization such as bank, educational institute and government
department e.g NADRA, flight schedules, ticket reservation system etc

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SUPERCOMPUTER

 The most powerful computers

 Multi-user computer
 Handle large and complex calculations
 Process trillions of operations per second
 Found in research organizations
 Example
 Blue Gene
 Deep Blue
 Uses
 Used for weather predictions and atomic research etc. Also used in
business and industry field
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EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
 Designed for special purpose
 Function as a component in a larger product ▫
 Small and limited hardware
 Example
 Home Devices: security monitoring, microwave ovens etc
 Electronics: DVD players, mobile etc
Home Automation Process Controllers Computer Devices
Consumer Electronics Automobiles
Devices and Robotics and Office Machines
• Mobile and digital • Thermostats • Antilock brakes • Keyboards
• Remote monitoring
telephones • Sprinkling systems • Engine control • Printers
systems
• Digital televisions • Security monitoring modules • Power monitors • Faxes
• Cameras systems • Airbag controller
• Machine controllers • Copiers
• Video recorders • Appliances • Cruise control
• Medical devices
• DVD players and • Lights
recorders
• Answering machines

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CONT…

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS: INPUT
DEVICES
 Computer Input Devices:
 Keyboard
 Pointing & Touch Devices
 Mouse, Trackball, Touch Pad, Pointing Stick, Touch Screen, Input pen
 Game Controllers
 Joy Stick, Gamepad
 Optical Input Devices
 Scanners , Barcode, MICR, OMR, OCR, Barcode Reader
 Audio Visual Devices
 Data Projectors, Microphones, Speakers
 Audio Input , Voice Input ,Digital Camera , Webcam ,
 Sensor Input Devices
 Human Biology Input Devices
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INPUT DEVICES

 The data and instructions

given to the computer is
known as input
 A hardware component used to
enter data and instructions
into computer is called input
device
 The data is entered into the
computer in different ways
using different input devices
 Commonly used input devices
are: keyboard, pointing
devices, touch screen etc
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KEYBOARD

 Most commonly used input device

 Data is mostly entered using keyboard
 Buttons on the keyboard are called keys
 The arrangement of keys on the keyboard is called keyboard layout
 Most popular keyboard layout is QWERTY
 The letters Q,W,E,R,T and Y appears on the top row of the main area of a keyboard
 The keys on the keyboard are often classified as follows:
 Numeric keypad: located on the right hand side of the keyboard
 Has arithmetic operators keys +,-,/ ,*
 Used in arithmetic operations
 Digits from 0 to 9
 Also has Num Lock
 When NumLk key is off, the keyboard cannot be used to type number

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 Function Keys:
 F1 to F12 are located at the top of the board
 Used to perform special function
 Example: F1 key is used to get help in window
 Alphanumeric Keys: include all letters in alphabet (A-Z) and digits from 0-9
 Backspace Key: used to delete single letter to the left of the curser
 Enter Key: used to enter commands or input data in the computer
 Caps Lock Keys: CapLock is a toggle key
 The character appear in uppercase if it is pressed
 If not pressed character appears in lower case
 Numbers and symbols are not affected
 Status light under CapLock turns on when it is pressed
 Tab Key: used to move the curser to the next tab stop
 Also used in dialog box to move from one option or field to another
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 Modifier Keys: used to modify the input of the other keys

 A specific key is pressed while holding down one of these keys to get the
required result
 Different modifier keys are follows:
1. Ctrl Key: Ctrl key produce different results depending on the type of software
 Used in combination with other keys as shortcuts to some command
 Example: Ctrl+O is used to open a file
2. Alt Key: ALT key is used on combination with other keys to perform special functions
 In window-based programs, used to navigate menus and dialog boxes.
 Example: Alt+F4 is used to close a file
3. Shift Key: SHIFT key is used to type capital letter or symbols
 Curser Control Keys: consist of arrows keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down
keys
 Used to move the curser within in the text or around the secrn

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CONT…

 Different cursor control keys are as follows:

1. Home: Home key is used in word processing to move cursor to
the top of the screen
2. End: End key is normally used in word processing to move the
cursor to the right of the screen or to the end of screen or
document
3. Arrows: The keys that move the cursor are called arrow keys.
 These keys have an up arrow, down arrow, a left arrow and right arrow

4. PageUp: used to move the cursor one page up on screen

5. PageDown: used to move the cursor one page down on screen

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CONT…

 Special-Purpose Keys: These keys are used for special purpose

and are as follows:
1. Esc: Used to terminate command or current task
2. Delete: used to delete a single letter to the right of the curser on the
screen. Used to delete the selected object
3. Insert: It is a toggle key used to switch between Insert Mode and
Overtype Mode
4. Print Screen: Used to capture everything that appears on the screen
 Scroll Lock: It lock or unlocks the cursor on screen in some
programs
 Pause/Break: pause screen when information is too fast to read

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TYPES OF KEYBOARD

 Different types of Keyboard are as follows: 

1. Standard Keyboard: A standard keyboard is normally called
QWERTY keyboard because the first six keys on the top row of
letters on these keyboards are Q,W,E,R,T,Y 
2. Wireless Keyboard: Keyboard that require no wire.
 It is also called as cordless keyboard.
 It is using radio signals range up to 100 feet

3. Portable Keyboard: A Keyboard that can easily attached or removed

from a handheld computer
4. Ergonomic Keyboard: a keyboard is specially designed to reduce
the chance of write injuries during typing.
• Main goal of this keyboard is to provide comfort, efficiency and safety
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ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD

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CONT…

 Gaming Keyboard :Keyboard that is specially designed for

playing games on the computer.

 Virtual Keyboard: Special keyboard. User types on optical-

detectable surface or within the wireless area rather than pressing
physical keys.

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CONT…

 Keyboard Layouts
 QWERTY : Common layout
 QWERTZ :Used in Germany, Hungary and Czech Republic
 AZERTY :It is used by most French speakers based in Europe
 DVORAK :Alternative for QWERTY
 Dvorak layout uses less finger motion, increases typing rate, and reduces
errors compared to the standard QWERTY

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POINTING & TOUCH DEVICES
 A device with which you can control the movement of the pointer
to select items on a display screen.
 A pointer is a small symbol that appear on the screen in GUI
 Types of pointing device:
 Based on rolling a ball
 Based on touching a surface
 Based on moving stick

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CONT…

 Based on rolling a ball

 Example:
 Mouse
 Trackball

 Mouse: Mouse is a pointing device

 Used to input instructions with a pointer on the screen
 Mouse is moved on a flat surface to control the movement of the cursor
 Normally has two buttons
 These buttons are used to perform different tasks
 i.e. opening a program, selection of objects
 It may also include wheel
 Rolled with the figures to scroll the screen
 Connected with the computer through USB port or Wireless connection
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 CONT…

 Type of mouse
1. Machine Mouse/Wheel mouse: : Has a rubber or metal ball on its
underside that can roll in all directions.
 Curser movement depends on the movement of the ball
 Mouse is normally used on mouse pad
 Mouse pad is a small pad of rubber or foam to provide easy movement of the
mouse
 Protect mouse from dust and dirt
2. Optical Mouse/ Laser Mouse:
 No ball
 Emit light to detect the mouse movement
 Optical laser or sensors are used

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CONT…

3. Wireless / Cordless Mouse:

 Does not require wire to work
 Transmit data using wireless technology like radio waves of infrared light
waves
4. Air Mouse:
 Motion-sensing mouse
 Control media player, objects and slide shows by moving the mouse in a
specific direction through air
 no need of surface
 Example: user can raise up to increase the volume of media player

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CONT…

5. Touch Mouse:
 Touch-sensitive mouse
 Recognize touch gestures
 Detect clicks scroll movement etc

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TRACKBALL

 Alternative to mouse
 Buttons similar to mouse
 Large rotating ball on the top
 Body of the trackball is not moves
 Ball is rolled with fingers
 Courser movement is controlled by rotating ball
 Advantage: take less space as compared to mouse

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POINTING DEVICE

 Based on touching a surface

 Example:
 Touchpad
 Touch screen
 Pen Input
 Light pen
 Stylus

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TOUCHPAD/TRACKPAD

 Small, flat surface over which user moves his fingers

 Touchpad also has one or more buttons near it
 Buttons work like mouse buttons
 Commonly used with notebook computers

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TOUCH SCREEN

 A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the

presence and location of a touch within the display area/Touch-
sensitive display input device
 User touch different parts of the screen with fingers or stylus to
input data
 Used in tablets, mobile device, ATM etc
 Laptops also have touch screen
 No need for external output device

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PEN INPUT

 Mobile users usually input data using a device like pen

 User can draw and write on flat surface
 Devices used are pen input are:
 Stylus
 Digital pen/ Light pen
 Stylus:
 Made of plastic or metal
 Input is given with pressure
 Thinner because no internal electronics
 Need only screen
 Touch screen
 Used in many smart phones
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CONT…

 Digital Pen:
 More functionality than a stylus
 Pressure sensitive
 Require special paper
 No work on touch screen
 Used in TabletPC

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BASED ON MOVING STICKS

 Example:
 Joystick
 Gamepad
 Joy Stick
 Consist of base and a stick
 Stick moved in any direction
 To move the object around the computer screen
 Perform similar functions to a mouse or trackball
 Less comfortable and efficient
 Used for playing computer games

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GAMEPAD/GAME CONTROLLERS

 A gamepad, also sometimes called joypad

 Refers to an input device used for gaming purposes.
 It is a video game controller that can be held with
both hands and has multiple buttons on it to be pressed
by the thumbs.
 Gamepads were first introduced with gaming console
systems as a peripheral device to connect the user with
the system.
 A gamepad is also known as a joypad.

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OPTICAL INPUT DEVICES

 Optical input devices allow computers to use light as a source of

input.
 Scanner is an example of optical input device.
 Other common optical input devices are magnetic ink character
reader used for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Optical mark reader used for Optical Mark Recognition (OMR),
 Optical character reader for Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Barcode Reader.

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SCANNERS
 Scanner is also known as optical scanner
 Light-sensitive input
 Read printed text, graphics and translate it in digital form
 Scanned image can be used for different purposes as follows:
 Displayed on screen
 Printed on the paper
 Sent through email
 Posted on web page
 Can be stored permanently for later us
 Quality of scanned image depends on the resolution
 Measured in dpi (dots per inch)
 Typically scanners scans at a resolution of 300 to 600 dpi
 Types of scanners
 Different types of optical scanners are:
1. Flatbed Scanner 2. Sheetfed Scanner 3. Handheld Scanners

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 Magnetic Ink Character Reader:

 MICR is used in banks to process large volumes of cheques.
 It is used for recognizing the magnetic encoding numbers printed at the
bottom of a cheque.
 Optical mark reader:
 OMR is used to detect marks on a paper.
 OMR uses an optical mark reader to read the marks.
 The OMR reader scans the forms, detects the mark that is positioned
correctly on the paper and is darker than the surrounding paper, and passes
this information to the computer for processing by application software.
 For this, it uses a beam of light that is reflected on the paper with marks, to
capture presence and absence of marks. OMR is widely used to read
answers of objective type tests

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CONT…

 Barcode Reader
 It is also called as Barcode Scanner
 Use laser beam to read bar code and translate them into digital signals
 Digital signals are further processed by the computer
 Barcode consist of vertical lines and shape of different width
 The bar code represent data that are identified the manufacturer and
the item
 Used in shop and glossary stores

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CONT…

 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

 OCR is a technique for the scanning of a printed page,
 translating it,
 and then using the OCR software to recognize the image as ASCII text that is
editable.
 OCR uses optical character reader for recognition

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AUDIO AND VIDEO INPUT DEVICES

 Audio Input Devices:

 Process of entering any sound into the computer is called audio input
 It may include speech, music, or any other sound effect
 Audio van be entered through different devices such as microphone, tape
player, CD/DVD players or radio
 Voice Input Device:
 The process of entering data by speaking into microphone attached to
the computer is called voice input
 Microphone is attached to the computer with the help of sound card
 Faster way of entering data
 Many word processing applications provide the facility of voice input
 User speaks into the microphone an the application software write the
spoken words
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CONT…

 Microphone
 A microphone is a hardware peripheral that allows computer users to
input audio into their computers.
• MIDI Keyboard
• A MIDI (Musical Instruments Digital Interface) keyboard
is typically a piano-style user interface keyboard device
used for sending MIDI signals to a computer.
• MIDI information is sent to a computer that capable of
reproducing an array of digital sounds or samples that
resemble traditional analog musical instruments.

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VIDEO INPUT DEVICES

 Used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the
computer.
 Example: – Digital camera – Webcam – Optical scanner–
Fingerprint scanner – Barcode reader
 Digital Camera:
 Input device, take pictures and store them as a digital image
 It store captured image on storage in the camera or some type of
memory cards
 Quality of digital camera depends on its resolution
 Resolution describe the sharpness of an image
 Resolution is measures in megapixels
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CONT…

 Webcam:
 Webcam is also called as PC video camera
 Used for following purposes
 Capture video or still image
 Send email and video attachment
 Make video telephone call
 Normally placed on the top of the monitor
 Most computers have built-in webcam

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SENSOR INPUT DEVICES

 Input device that input data directly from the environment and
store it in computer
 Used to detect speed, movement, pressure, temperature, wind etc
 Can be used to sense the weather conditions and earthquakes

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HUMAN BIOLOGY INPUT DEVICES

 Biometric is a technology to authenticate the identity of a person

by verifying personal characteristic
 Biometric device convert personal characteristic in digital code
 This digital code is compared with a digital code stored in the
computer
 User access is not granted if both code do not match

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Some of the important biometric devices are:

1. A fingerprints reader is most widely used biometric device. It scans the curve and
identifications of a fingerprints
2. A facial recognition system capture the live face image of a person. It compares this
image with another image stored in the computer
3. The hand geometry system is used to measure the shape and size of hand
4. A voice verification system compare the voice of the person with the stored voice
5. A Signature verification system identifies the shape of handwritten signature. Its also
measure the pressure and motion used to write the signature
6. An iris recognition system read the pattern in the iris of an eye. These patterns are
unique in the aye
7. Line-of-sight system are used to use your ayes to point at the screen. This technology
allows some physically disable users to direct a computer. For example, a disable
person can focus his eyes on specific area of the screen to issue a command to the
computer. Camera is used to identify the area on which the user is focusing
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OUTPUT DEVICES

 An output device is an electromechanical device that receives

information from the computer and translates them in suitable
form for the users.
 Output Device can be broadly classified into following categories:
1. Hard Copy Devices
 Printers
 Plotters

2. Soft Copy Devices

 Monitors
 Audio Output
 Video Output

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PRINTERS

 Printer is a output device

 Printers prints characters, symbols and graphics on paper
 The printed output is called hard copy
 Print resolution is commonly measured in dot per inch (dpi)
 Printer speed measured by page per minute (ppm) or character
per second (cps)
 The quality of printed images and text depends on printer’s
resolution
 Printers are classified into two categories:
1. impact printer
2. non-impact printer.
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IMPACT PRINTER

 Works like a typewriter

 The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the
ribbon which is then pressed on the paper
 Impact printer are the oldest print technologies, which are still
produced
 Impact printers can print a character or an entire line at a time.
 Are used where low-cost printing is required
 Dot matrix printers, daisy wheel printers and Drum/Line printers
are examples of impact printers.

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DOT MATRIX PRINTERS

 Dot Matrix Printers:

 Dot Matrix Printers print one character at a time.
 It produces printed images when tiny pins on a print head strike
an inked ribbon
 When the ribbon presses against the paper, it creates dots that
form characters and graphics
 Dot matrix printers can print alphanumeric characters, special
characters, charts and graphs.
 They can print only in black and white.
 Dot matrix printers are commonly used for printing in
applications like payroll and accounting.

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DRUM PRINTER

 Drum Printers are line printers

 Fast impact printer
 It prints an entire line at a time
 It speed is measured in line per minute (lpm)
 Many line printers can print 3000 lines per minut

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DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

 Is similar to a typewriter
 It uses a print wheel
 Print wheel is called daisy wheel.
 Each petal of daisy wheel contains a character
 A hammer strikes a petal against the ribbon when the desired
character reaches the position on the paper
 It slower than dot matrix but better in quality

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NON IMPACT PRINTERS

 Prints character and graphics on paper without striking paper

 The character are printed on paper with different means such as laser
 Some printers use spray ink while others use heat and pressure to create image
 Faster than impact printers
 More costly than impact printers
 They produce no noise during printing
 Print quality is better than non impact printers
 Types of non impact printers are:
 Laser printers
 Inkjet printers
 Thermal printers
 Photo printers
 Portable printer

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 CONT…

 Laser printer:
 Laser stand for LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY SIMULATED EMISSION OF
RADIATION
 Its working s similar to a photocopy machine
 It uses laser beams to burn special powder on the page to create a
permanent image
 The powder is contain in the toner
 Print complete page at a time
 Laser printers process and store the entire page before printing
and are also known as page printers.
 Print text and graphics in high quality
 Printing speed for home and small office is 45 pagers per minute
(ppm), and for large business 150 ppm and more
 Their resolution ranges from 400 to 1200 dpi.COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus 80
CONT…

 Inkjet printer:
 It print character and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink on
paper
 Produced quality text and graphics in both black-&-white and color
 Price of inkjet printer is less than laser printer
 They are slower than laser printer
 Print 10 to 35 pages per minute
 Their resolution is more than 500 dpi.

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CONT…

 Thermal printer:
 Produces output by melting wax-based in onto paper
 Not very expensive
 Quality is not very high
 It is typically used to print ATMs receipts, electronic tickets etc
 Some thermal printers are expensive and the quality of these printers
are good, and are used in photography studios and medical labs etc

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CONT…

 Photo printers:
 Is a colour printer designed to print high quality photographs
 Also called snapshot printer
 Some photo printer have a built in card slot
 The printer can print digital photo directly from a media card
 Some photo printers also have built-in LCD colour screen
 The user can view image before printing

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CONT…

 Portable printer:
 Small
 Light-weight
 Battery-powered
 It can be used by mobile user to print from notebook computer, tablet
or smartphone while travelling  Some printer have built-in wireless
port to communicate with computer
 Some have USB port

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PLOTTER

 Produce image quality graphics in a variety of colors

 Are used to create maps, architectural drawing, graphics and
charts
 Works by drawing lines on paper using pens held in a mechanical
arm
 Plotter is a slow output device and is expensive.
 Plotters are of two kinds—drum plotter and flatbed plotter.

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CONT…

 Flatbed plotter:
 Used to plot or draw images
 Contain pens for drawing
 The paper is placed on table-like surface
 Software instruct the pens to move down on the paper
 The pen then moves on the paper for creating image
 Drum printer:
 Uses a rotating drum or cylinder
 The desired pens are mounted on the drum
 The pens moved to the left and right as the drum rotate
 The movement create the desired image
 The length of the plot is almost is unlimited
 Width of the image depends on width of drum
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SOFT COPY OUTPUT DEVICES

 Following are the softcopy output devices:

 Monitors
 Audio Output
 Video Output
 Monitors
 Monitor is a common output device.
 The monitor is provided along with the computer, to view the displayed
output.
 A monitor is of two kinds - monochrome display monitor and color display
monitor.
 A monochrome display monitor uses only one color to display text and color
display monitor can display 256 colors at one time.
 An image on the monitor is created by a configuration of dots, also known as
pixels.
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CONT…

 The clarity of image on the computer screen depends on three factors

 Resolution of Screen :The number of pixels in horizontal and vertical
direction.
 Dot Pitch: The number of pixels in horizontal and vertical direction.
 Refresh Rate : The number of times per second the pixels are recharged so
that their glow remains bright.
 Two basic types of monitors used today are cathode-ray-tube (CRT) and
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) .flat-panel.
1. Cathode-Ray Tube CRT Monitor :
 The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels.
 The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity, or resolution
 Large in Size
 High power consumption
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CONT…

2. Flat-Panel Display Monitor

 The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have
reduced volume, weight and
 power requirement in comparison to the CRT You can hang them on
walls
 Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games,
monitors, laptop computer, graphics display
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED and Plasma are types of flat
panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of
operation.

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AUDIO OUTPUT DEVICES

 A complete sound system consists of sound card, microphone,

speaker and the appropriate software.
 Audio response provides audio output from the computer.
 Audio output device like speakers, headset or headphone is used
for audio output sound from computer.
 Speakers:
 Is the most common device of audio output device
 It connect to the sound card in the system and provide audio output
for
computer
 Wireless speaker also available to play audio

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CONT…

 Headphones & headset:

 Headphones can be used to instead to speakers, so that other people
are not disturbed
 Headphones are placed outside the ear
 Headset is a headphone with a built-in microphone
 It is often used when making telephone calls
 Wireless headset commonly used with mobile phone

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VIDEO OUTPUT DEVICES

 Typical examples of video output devices are monitors and

projectors (video)
 Data projector:
 Data projector is an output device
 Project the output of the computer screen onto a large screen
 The output projected by the data projector can be viewed by a number
of peoples very clearly
 Used in classes to deliver lectures to many students
 Type of data projects
 LCD projector
 DLP projector

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CONT…

 LCD projector:
 Stands for liquid crystal display
 Attached directly to computer
 Uses its own light source to display information shown on the computer
screen
 DLP Projector:
 Stands for digital light processing
 Use tiny mirrors to reflect light
 Produce brighter and sharper image than LCD

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THANKS

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