Java Static and Final Keyword

Static Keyword

Variables

Static Methods

Block

Class

• ‘Static’ keyword can be used in four ways

Static Variable

• Java static variable is common to all objects or instances of a class

• Or a single copy of the variable is shared to all the objects
• Memory allocations happens when the class is loaded to the memory

Syntax

static data-type variable-name;

public class staticVariableDemo {

static int x = 12;

public static void main(String[] args) {

staticVariableDemo obj1 = new staticVariableDemo();

staticVariableDemo obj2 = new staticVariableDemo();

System.out.println(x);

x = 10;
System.out.println(x);
• Variables declared as ‘static’ can be accessed without the use of obje
obj1.x = 18;
obj2.x = 22;
System.out.println(obj1.x);
System.out.println(obj2.x); The value of ‘static’ variable is shared among multiple objects

x = 0;
System.out.println(obj1.x);
System.out.println(obj2.x);
output
} 12
} 10
22
22
0
0
Java Static Methods

Syntax

static return-type function-name()

• Static methods can access static variables without using objects

• Note that non-static variables and non-static methods can only be accessed using objects
• Static method can be accessed from static and non-static method
 • Static method can access static variables without the use
of objects

public class staticVariableDemo {

static int x = 12;;

public static void main(String[] args) {

staticVariableDemo obj1 = new staticVariableDemo();

staticVariableDemo obj2 = new staticVariableDemo();

System.out.println(x);

x = 10;
System.out.println(x);

}
}
public class staticMethodDemo1 { • Static method can be called from static and non-static methods

static void show() {

System.out.println("static method called");

}

void nonStaticMethod() {

Non-static method
System.out.println("non-static method called");

show();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

show();
Static method
staticMethodDemo1 obj1 = new
staticMethodDemo1();
obj1.nonStaticMethod();

} output
} static method called
non-static method called
static method called
Java Static Block

• Static block is used to initialize the static variables

• Static block is executed when the class is loaded to memory
• A program can have multiple static blocks and it will get executed in the order in which it is writte

Syntax

static {

}
 public class staticBlock1 {

static int x;
static String s; Static variables
static {
System.out.println("static block executed");
x = 1; Static block
s = "static block";
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Value of x : "+x);
System.out.println("Value of String : "+s);

}
• Static block is executed when the class is loaded to the memory
}

output
static block executed
Value of x : 1
Value of String : static block
public class staticMultipleBlocks1 { • Multiple static blocks
• Observe the order of execution of static blocks
static int x; • Static blocks are executed when the class is
static String s; loaded to the memory
• Observe the value displayed in the ‘main’ method
static {
System.out.println("Block1");
x = 1; Block 1
s = "Block1";
}

static {
System.out.println("Block2");
x = 2; Block 2
s = "Block2";
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("value of x: "+x);
System.out.println("value of String :"+ s);
}

} output
Block1
Block2
value of x: 2
value of String :Block2
public class staticMultipleBlocks1 {

static int x;
static String s;

static {
System.out.println("Block1");
x = 1;
s = "Block1";
}

public staticMultipleBlocks1() {
System.out.println("Constructor called"); What is happening here ?
x = 2;
s = "constructor";
}

static {
System.out.println("Block2");
x = 3;
s = "Block2";
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

staticMultipleBlocks1 obj1 = new staticMultipleBlocks1();

System.out.println("value of x: "+x);
output
Block1
System.out.println("value of String :"+ s); Block2
Constructor called
} value of x: 2
} value of String :constructor
Programming Assignment 6 Question for Next week:

1. What are java inner classes ?

2. What are the different ways of defining inner classes in java ?
‘Final’ Keyword

‘Final’ keyword is used in java when variable, method, and class definitions shouldn’t change

Variables

Methods
Final

Class
Final Variable

• Variables when declared as final, their values become constants

• The value cant be changed after it is initialized

public class finalVariable1 {

public class finalVariable1 {
final int x = 10;
final int x = 10;
public static void main(String[] args) {
public static void main(String[] args) {
finalVariable1 obj1 = new finalVariable1();
finalVariable1 obj1 = new finalVariable1();
obj1.x = 20;
System.out.println("value of x: "+obj1.x);
System.out.println("value of x: "+obj1.x);
}
}
}
}

Make observation from the output Make observation from the output
 Blank Final Variable

• Final variable which is not initialized at the time of declaration is known as blank final variable
• Blank final variable must be initialized in the constructor, else it will throw error

public class blankFinalVariable1 {

public class blankFinalVariable1 {
final int x;
final int x;
public blankFinalVariable1() {
public static void main(String[] args) {
x = 100;
}
blankFinalVariable1 obj1 = new blankFinalVariable1();
public static void main(String[] args) {
obj1.x = 100;
blankFinalVariable1 obj1 = new blankFinalVariable1();
}
System.out.println("value is: "+obj1.x);
}
}

Make observation from the output Make observation from the output
public class blankFinalVariable1 {

final int x;

static {
x = 100;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

blankFinalVariable1 obj1 = new blankFinalVariable1();

System.out.println("value is: "+obj1.x);

}
Can the final variable be initialized in a static block ?
If not then how this can happen
 public class blankFinalVariable1 {

static final int x;

static {
x = 100;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

blankFinalVariable1 obj1 = new blankFinalVariable1();

System.out.println("value is: "+obj1.x);

} • Static final variable which is not initialized at the

}
time of declaration can only be initialized in a static block

Make observation from the output

Final method

• Methods with keyword final cannot be overridden

Final class

• Class with keyword final cannot be extended

Programming Assignment 6 Question for Next week:

3. Explain ‘final method’ with proper examples

4. Explain ‘final class’ with proper examples