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    Unit-1 (EEE)

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    Unit-1 (EEE)

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    3 views52 pages

    Unit-1 (EEE)

    Uploaded by

    pronach123

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 52

    UNIT-1

    Fundamentals of Electrical
    Engineering and DC machines
    • Voltage: The force required to move the particles from one
    place to another place. It is also known as an emf (Electro
    motive force).
    (or)
    • The potential difference between two points is known as
    voltage. It is denoted by ‘V’ (or) ‘v’.
    (or)
    • Voltage is defined as the ratio of energy to the charge.

    V=W/Q= Joules/ Coulombs= Volts


    • Current: There are free electrons available in all semi
    conductive and conductive materials. These free electrons
    move at random in all directions within the structure in the
    absence of external voltage.
    • The movement of electrons from one end of the material to the
    other constitute an electrical current, denoted by either ‘I’ or
    ‘i’.
    (or)
    • It is defined as the rate of change of unit charge.

    I=Q/t= Coulombs/seconds= Amperes


    • Energy: It is the capacity for doing work.
    • It is existing in many forms such as mechanical, chemical and
    electrical etc.
    • Power: The rate of change of energy is known as power,
    denoted by ‘P’ or ‘p’.
    P=W/t=Joules/seconds= Watts
    • We can also write
    P=dW/dt= dW/dq * dq/dt= V*I
    P=V*I
    Network elements: The basic electrical elements such as
    resistor, inductor and capacitor are known as electrical
    elements.
    Electrical Network: The interconnection of electrical elements
    such as R, L and C are connected in a desired manner to
    perform a specific function.
    Ohms Law
    • Statement :
    At constant temperature, the current flowing
    across an element is directly proportional to
    the potential difference across it
    V ∝ I => V=I*R

    Limitations ???

    1. Validation fails with unilateral Elements

    2. Can not be applied to Non linear Elements


    Types of sources
    • Network sources: sources are circuit elements that can supply
    energy Ex: voltage source and current source. which are again
    divided broadly into two types:
    1.Independent voltage source: It is an element capable of
    generating voltage across its terminals which is independent of
    magnitude and direction of current flowing through it.
    2.Independent current source: It is an element that can supply any
    amount of energy at a specified current which is independent of
    voltage across its terminals.
    • Passive Elements : Resistor, Inductor and
    Capacitor
    • Active Elements : Voltage Sources and
    Current Sources

    G.Sravanthi, Assistant Professor, EEE,


    SNIST
    Series, Parallel and Series-Parallel Circuits:

    • A set of resistors are said to be in series if the same value


    of current is flowing in them. (Current is same and
    voltage is different)
    • A set of resistors are said to be in parallel if they are
    having the same potential i.e., they are connected between
    same nodes. (Current is different and voltage is same)
    • Resistances in series: Req =R1+R2+-----+Rn

    • Resistances in parallel: 1/Req =1/R1+1/R2+-----+1/Rn

    • Inductances in series: Leq =L1+L2+-----+Ln

    • Inductances in parallel: 1/Leq =1/L1+1/L2+-----+1/Ln

    • Capacitances in series: 1/Ceq =1/C1+1/C2+-----+1/Cn

    • Capacitances in parallel: Ceq =C1+C2+-----+Cn


    1. Find an equivalent resistance for the networks shown below.
    2. Find an equivalent resistance between A and B in the
    network of Fig.

    Solution: Marking all the junctions and redrawing the network (Fig.),
    1. Find an equivalent inductance between terminals A and B in the
    network of Fig.

    Solution: The network can be simplified by series–parallel reduction


    technique (Fig.).
    1. What is the equivalent capacitance between terminals A
    and B in the network of Fig.

    Solution: The network can be simplified by series–parallel reduction technique


    (Fig).
    Mesh Analysis Method
    • A mesh is defined as a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
    Mesh analysis is applicable only
    • for planar networks. A network is said to be planar if it can be drawn on a
    plane surface without crossovers.
    1. Calculate loop currents i1 and i2 for circuit shown in below using
    mesh current analysis technique.
    2. Determine the current through the 5 Ω resistor of the
    network shown in Fig. using mesh analysis method.

    Solution: Assigning clockwise currents in three meshes as


    shown in Fig.
    • 3. Calculate mesh currents for the given circuit using mesh
    analysis method.
    Nodal Analysis

    1. Assuming that a network has ‘n’ nodes , assign reference node


    and reference directions.
    2. Assign a current , voltage names for each branch and node
    respectively.
    3. Apply KCL at each node except ground node.
    4. Solve equations for unknown node voltages.
    5. Using these voltages find any required branch current.
    1. Calculate the current through 2 Ω resistor for the network shown in Fig.

    Solution: Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes.
    Cont..
    2. Find the voltage across the 5 Ω resistor for the network shown in Fig.
    using nodal analysis method.

    Solution: Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes.
    Cont…
    3. Find the voltage at nodes 1 and 2 for the network shown in Fig. using
    nodal analysis method.

    Ans:
    Superposition Theorem
    • Procedure:
    • Consider only one source to be active at a time.
    • Replace all other ideal voltage sources by short circuit &
    all other ideal current sources by open circuit. ( If it is
    practical voltage/ current source, then it is replaced with
    their internal resistances respectively.)
    • Example.1 : Calculate current I2 in
    the given figure using superposition
    theorem?

    Case 1: With 36V Case 2: With 9A current


    voltage source source

    I2’’=9*(12/
    I2’=36/(12+6)= I2= 6+2=
    (12+6))=6A
    36/18=2A 8A
    Example.2 : Calculate current
    through R3 (10Ω) in the given
    figure using superposition
    theorem?

    Case 2: With 13V


    Case 1: With 15V
    voltage source
    voltage source

    • Req=((20*10)/ • Req=((100*10)/
    (20+10)+100) (100+10)+20)
    =106.7Ω =29.09Ω
    • IT=0.141A • IT=0.447A
    • IR3 =0.141*(20/20+10
    ’ • IR3’’=0.447*(100/100
    Cont…

    IR3=0.094+0.406=0
    .5A
    Example.3 : Calculate current ‘i’
    shown in the fig using superposition
    theorem.

    Ans: i=17A
    Reciprocity Theorem:

    • It states that ‘in a linear, bilateral, active, single source


    network, the ratio of excitation to response remains same when
    the positions of excitation and response are interchanged.’

    Netwo Network when excitation


    rk and response are
    interchanged

    When the voltage source V is applied at the port 1, it


    produces a current I at the port 2. If the positions of the
    excitation (source) and response are interchanged, i.e., if the
    voltage source is applied at the port 2 then it produces a
    Cont…
    I=0.43Amps
    DC Machines

    DC Generator DC Motor
    D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF
    OPERATION

     DC generator converts mechanical energy into


    electrical energy. when a conductor move in a magnetic
    field in such a way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux
    of lines and e.m.f. produces in a generator and it is defined
    by faradays law of electromagnetic induction e.m.f. causes
    current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
    Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
    Induction
    A changing magnetic flux through a
    loop or loops of wire induces
    an electromotive force (voltage) in
    each loop.
    Fleming's Right Hand Rule

    E.M.F

    • The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the


    conductor.
    • The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
    • The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
    The following are the basic requirements to be
    satisfied for generation of E.M.F

    1.A uniform Magnetic field


    2.A System of conductors
    3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors

    • Magnetic field :-
    Permanent Magnet
    (or)
    Electro Magnet (practical)
    • Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
    slots of cylindrical rotor
    • Relative motion:-
    By Prime Mover
    Turbine
    EMF Equation of a generator
    Let  = flux/pole in Weber
    Z =Total number of armature conductors
    =No. of slot × No. of conductors/slot
    P= No. of generator poles
    A =No. of parallel paths in armature
    N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
    E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
    Generated e.m.f Eg= e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel
    paths i.e E
    Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d  volt
    dt
    Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d  = P wb
    No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60
    Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec
    According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction
    E.M.F generated/conductor = d= PN volts
    dt 60
    No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path= Z / A

    E.M.F generated/path=  PN × Z Volts


    60 A
    Generate E.M.F, Eg= Z N × P Volts
    60 A
    For
    i) Wave winding A = 2
    ii) Lap winding A = P
    DC MOTORS

    Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic


    field , it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is
    given by Fleming's left hand rule and whose magnitude is given
    by F=BIL.
    Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

    The first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field.


    The second finger points in the direction of the current in the wire.
    Thumb - torque or thrust.
    Types of motors

    Shunt motor
    Separately excited motor

    Series motor Long Shunt compound motor


    Total losses in a D.C Machine
    Efficiency of D.C Generator

    • Efficiency of generator or motor is defined as the ratio of output


    power to input power

    • Efficiency (η) =output ×100


    input
    • input=output+ losses (or) output=input-losses

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