Fundamentals of Computers

and PC tools
Operating System
Operating System Definition and
Function
🞂 In the Computer System (comprises
of Hardware and software),
Hardware can only understand
machine code (in the form of 0 and
1) which doesn't make any sense to
a naive user.
🞂 We need a system which can act as
an intermediary and manage all the
processes and resources present in
the system.
🞂 An Operating System can be
defined as an interface between
user and hardware. It is
responsible for the execution of all
the processes, Resource
Allocation, CPU management, File
Management and many other tasks.
Structure of a Computer System
🞂 A Computer System consists of:
🞂 Users (people who are using the computer)
🞂 Application Programs (Compilers, Databases,
Games, Video player, Browsers, etc.)
🞂 System Programs (Shells, Editors, Compilers,
etc.)
🞂 Operating System ( A special program which
acts as an interface between user and
hardware )
🞂 Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc)
What does an Operating system do?
🞂 Process Management
🞂 Process Synchronization
🞂 Memory Management
🞂 CPU Scheduling
🞂 File Management
🞂 Security
Evolution of Operating Systems
🞂 First Generation (1945-1955)
🞂 Serial Processing
🞂 The evolution of operating systems began with serial
processing. It marks the start of the development of
electronic computing systems as alternatives to
mechanical computers. Because of the flaws in
mechanical computing devices, humans' calculation
speed is limited, and they are prone to making
mistakes. Because there is no operating system in
this generation, the computer system is given
instructions that must be carried out immediately.
🞂 Example: Windows 95 and 98 are examples of
serial processing operating systems.
Evolution of Operating Systems
🞂 Second Generation (1955-1965)
🞂 Batch System
🞂 The batched systems marked the second
generation in the evolution of operating systems. In
the second generation, the batch processing system was
implemented, which allows a job or task to be done in a
series and then completed sequentially. The computer
system in this generation does not have an operating
system, although various operating system
functionalities are available, such as FMS and IBSYS. It is
used to improve computer utilization and application.
On cards and tapes, jobs were scheduled and submitted.
🞂 Example: MVS Operating System of IBM is an
example of a batch processing operating system.
Evolution of Operating Systems
🞂 Third Generation (1965-1980)
🞂 Multi-Programmed Batched System
🞂 The evolution of operating systems embarks the third
generation with multi-programmed batched systems.
In the third generation, the operating system was
designed to serve numerous users simultaneously.
Interactive users can communicate with a computer via
an online terminal, making the operating system multi-
user and multiprogramming. It is used to execute
several jobs that should be kept in the main memory.
The processor determines which program to run
through job scheduling algorithms.
🞂 Example: Windows and IOS are examples of multi-
programmed batched operating systems.
Evolution of Operating Systems
🞂 Fourth Generation (1980-Now)
🞂 The operating system is employed in this age
for computer networks where users are aware
of the existence of computers connected to
one another.
🞂 The era of networked computing has already
begun, and users are comforted by a Graphical
User Interface (GUI), which is an incredibly
comfortable graphical computer interface. In
the fourth generation, the time-sharing
operating system and the Macintosh operating
system came into existence.
Evolution of Operating Systems
🞂 Fourth Generation (1980-Now)
🞂 Time-Sharing Operating System
The Time-sharing of operating systems had a great
impact on the evolution of operating systems. Multiple
users can access the system via terminals at the same
time, and the processor's time is divided among them.
Printing ports were required for programs having a
command-line user interface, which required written
responses to prompts or written commands. The
interaction is scrolled down like a roll of paper. It was
previously used to develop batch replace
🞂 Example: Unix Operating System is an example of a
time-sharing OS.
ment systems.
Evolution of Operating Systems
🞂 Fourth Generation (1980-Now)
🞂 Macintosh Operating System
It was based on decades of research into
graphical operating systems and applications for
personal computers. The photo depicts a
Sutherland pioneer program sketchpad that was
developed in 1960, employing many of the
characteristics of today's graphical user interface,
but the hardware components cost millions of
dollars and took up a room.
🞂 Example: Mac OS X 10.6.8 snow
leopard and OS X 10.7.5 Lion are some
examples of macintosh OS.