Scribd
Upload
7 views21 pages

Transmission Rate in Computer Networks

Uploaded by

shreyansh YEOLE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views21 pages

Transmission Rate in Computer Networks

Uploaded by

shreyansh YEOLE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

TRANSMISSION RATE IN

COMPUTER NETWORKS
UNDERSTANDING DATA TRANSMISSION SPEEDS AND
THEIR IMPACT ON NETWORK PERFORMANCE

Presented by:
Shreyansh Yeole
POINTS OF DISCUSSION

• What is Transmission Rate?


• Calculating Transmission Rate.
• Types of Transmission Rates
• Key Terminologies.
• Factors affecting Transmission Rate.
• Digital modulation technique
WHAT IS TRANSMISSION RATE?
Transmission Rate (also known as data transfer
rate or data transmission speed) is a measure of
the speed at which data is transmitted
between devices within a network or across
different networks.

It quantifies the amount of digital information that


can be sent over a channel or link per unit time,
typically expressed in bits per second (bps),
though larger units like Kbps (Kilobits per second),
Mbps (Megabits per second), Gbps (Gigabits per
second), or even Tbps (Terabits per second) are
also commonly used.
CALCULATING TRANSMISSION RATE

• The transmission rate can be calculated if the data size(in bits) and the
transmission time are known:

• Transmission Rate = Data Size / Transmission Time​


• For example, if a 1000 Megabyte (MB) file is transmitted in 10 seconds,
the transmission rate would be:
• Transmission Rate = 1000 × 8 Megabits / 10 seconds =
800 Mbps.
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION RATES

Theoretical Effective
Transmission Rate: Transmission Rate:
• This is the ideal maximum • The actual speed at which
data rate that can be data is transmitted after
achieved over a network accounting for network
under perfect conditions. conditions, overhead, and
errors.
KEY TERMINOLOGIES

1. BANDWIDTH 2. THROUGHPUT 3. LATENCY


Bandwidth refers to the Throughput is the actual rate Latency is the delay before a
maximum capacity of a of successful data transfer data transfer begins
network connection, meaning between two points over a following an instruction for
the highest amount of data network. its transfer. It measures how
that can be transferred per quickly data packets travel
second over a network from source to destination.
channel.
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSMISSION
RATE.

1. Bandwidth
2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
3. Latency and Propagation Delay
4. Modulation Scheme
5. Network Congestion
6. Distance and Signal Attenuation
BANDWIDTH
• Bandwidth is the maximum capacity of a communication
channel, measured in Hertz (Hz) for analog or bits per second
(bps) for digital data. Higher bandwidth allows more data to
pass through simultaneously.
• A higher bandwidth allows for a higher transmission
rate since it can carry more data per second.
• Ex: Fiber-optic cables have a very high bandwidth, supporting
high-speed data transfer rates.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR)
• SNR is the ratio of the signal power to the noise power
within a communication channel.
• A higher SNR allows for higher data rates because there
is less interference from noise, which reduces the need for
error correction and retransmission. Lower SNR leads to
increased errors and lower effective transmission rates.
LATENCY AND PROPAGATION DELAY
• Latency is the time delay for data to travel from source to
destination.
• Propagation delay is specifically the time it takes for a signal
to travel through the medium.
• High latency and propagation delay do not reduce the
transmission rate per sec but affect the overall
experience of data transmission, especially in interactive
applications. They increase the time required for
acknowledgments, impacting protocols that depend on
error-checking (like TCP).
MODULATION SCHEME
• Modulation is the method by which data is embedded into
a carrier signal. Digital modulation techniques like
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Phase Shift
Keying (PSK) impact the efficiency of data encoding.
• Advanced modulation schemes (e.g., higher-order QAM)
allow for more bits per symbol, increasing the
effective transmission rate. However, they may also
require better SNR to maintain signal quality.
NETWORK CONGESTION
• Network congestion occurs when the demand for network resources
exceeds the available capacity, leading to packet delays and
retransmissions.
• Congestion slows down the effective transmission rate, as packets
may experience delays or be dropped, requiring retransmission.
• Example: During peak hours, internet speeds can slow down due to
network congestion, impacting users’ ability to stream videos or play
online games without buffering or lag.
DISTANCE AND SIGNAL ATTENUATION
• Attenuation refers to the gradual loss of signal strength
over distance. This is particularly relevant in wired media
(like copper cables) and in wireless networks, where signals
degrade over long distances or through obstructions.
• Example: Ethernet cables typically lose signal quality over
distances greater than 100 meters, which reduces effective
transmission rates.
DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUE

• Digital modulation is a process used in


data communication where digital data is
transmitted over a medium by altering
properties of a carrier signal, such as
amplitude, frequency, or phase.

• digital modulation conveys data as


discrete bits (0s and 1s)
1. AMPLITUDE SHIFT
KEYING (ASK)

• The amplitude of the carrier signal


is varied according to the binary
data.

• For example, a higher amplitude


might represent a binary “1,” and
a lower amplitude (or no signal)
represents a binary “0.”
2. FREQUENCY SHIFT
KEYING (FSK)

• FSK uses different frequencies to


represent different bits (0s and
1s).

• For example, one frequency can


represent a binary “1,” and
another frequency represents a
binary “0.”
3. PHASE SHIFT KEYING
(PSK)

• PSK alters the phase of the carrier


signal to encode data.

• In the simplest form, Binary PSK


(BPSK) represents data with two
phases:
• 0 degrees for “0”
• 180 degrees for “1.”
4. QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (QAM)

• QAM combines both amplitude and


phase changes to represent multiple
bits per symbol.
• Common forms like 16-QAM, 64-
QAM, and 256-QAM can encode 4, 6,
and 8 bits per symbol, respectively,
by using different combinations of
amplitude and phase shifts.
MODULATION’S EFFECT ON
TRANSMISSION RATE
• Increased Bits per Symbol: • Efficient Bandwidth
• Higher-order modulation Utilization:
schemes, such as 64-QAM or • Techniques like PSK and
256-QAM, encode multiple bits QAM use bandwidth more
per symbol, increasing the efficiently than basic ASK and
data rate without needing
FSK, allowing higher
additional bandwidth.
transmission rates within
the same bandwidth limits.
THANK YOU
THE FASTER THE CONNECTION,
THE FASTER WE CAN PROCRASTINATE!

You might also like