Array

(C Programming Language)

Dr. Thien Huynh-The

Dept. Comp. Commun. Eng.
HCMC Technology and Education
 Content

 Introduction
 Arrays
 Definition and Examples
 Passing Arrays to Functions
 Sorting Arrays
 Array Case Study
 Search Arrays
 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays
 Array

• Array
 Group of consecutive memory locations
 Same name and type

• To refer to an element, specify

 Array name
 Position number

• Format:
arrayname[ position number ]
 First element at position 0
 n element array named c:

c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]...c[ n – 1 ]
Array
 Array

• Array elements are like normal variables

c[ 0 ] = 3;
printf( "%d", c[ 0 ] );
• Perform operations in subscript. If x equals 3
c[ 5 - 2 ] == c[ 3 ] == c[ x ]
Array
 Array

• Defining arrays:
 Name
 Type of array
 Number of elements

arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ];

 Examples:

int c[ 10 ];
float myArray[ 3284 ];

• Defining multiple arrays of same type

 Format similar to regular variables
 Example:

int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
 Array

• Initializers
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0

int n[ 5 ] = { 0 }
 All elements 0
 If too many initializers, a syntax error occurs
 C arrays have no bounds checking

• If size omitted, initializers determine it

int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array
 Examples

• Print element values in an arrays

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int arrayA[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
printf("arrayA[%d]=%d\n", i, arrayA[i]);
return 0;
}
 Examples

• Read element values in an arrays

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int arrayA[5];
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i){
printf("\n arrayA[%d]= ",i);
scanf("%d", &arrayA[i]);
}
return 0;
}
 Exercises

• Viết chtrình theo yêu cầu sau:

 Nhập vào giá trị cho n phần tử mảng arrayA
 Tính tổng các giá trị trong mảng arrayA
 Examples

• Write a program to calculate the sum of all elements in an array

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int arrayA[5], sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i){
printf("\n arrayA[%d]= ",i);
scanf("%d", &arrayA[i]);
}
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
sum += arrayA[i];
printf("Sum of all elements in an array: %d", sum);
}
 Exercises

• Write a program to calculate the power of 2 raised to elements in an array

arrayA[5]={1,2,3,4,5}

• Write a program to calculate the sum of each element of arrayA[5]={1,3,5,7,9} and

arrayB[5]={2,4,6,8,10}

• Write a program to input 20 elements for an arrayA by a user

 Find and print all prime numbers in the arrayA
 Find and print all numbers dividiable by 3 in the arrayA
 Find and print all perfect square numbers in the arrayA
 Order all elements in the array A from smallest to largest
 Exercises

• Write a program with the following requirements:

 Create two arrays, denoted arrayA and arrayB, that have 10 random numbers
 Calculate the sum of each element of arrayA and arrayB, and store in a new array C
 Calculate the multiplication of each element of arrayA and arrayB, and store in a new arrayD

• Write a program with the following requirements:

 Create an array with 100 random numbers
 Find and print all prime numbers in the array
 Find and print all perfect square numbers in the array
 Find and print all number dividible by 3 and 5 simultaneously in the array
 Multi-dimensional Array

• How to declare?
int arrayA[3][4]
float arrayB[2][4][3]

• Initializing a multi-dimensional arrays

int arrayA[2][3]={{1, 3, 0},{-1, 5, -9}};
int arrayA[][3]={{1, 3, 0},{-1, 5, -9}};
int arrayA[2][3]={1, 3, 0, -1, 5, -9};

• Initializing a 3D array
int arrayA[2][3][4]={{{3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 21,
-4}}, {{13, 4, 56,3},{5, 9, 3, 5} ,{3, 1, 4, 9}}};
 Multi-dimensional Arrays

• Write a program to calculate the sum of two matrices

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float a[2][2], b[2][2], sum[2][2];
printf("Enter elements of 1st matrix \n");
for (int i=0; i<2; ++i)
for (int j=0; j<2; ++j){
printf("Enter a[%d][%d]: ", i+1, j+1);
scanf("%f", &a[i][j]);}
for (int i=0; i<2; ++i)
for (int j=0; j<2; ++j){
printf("Enter b[%d][%d]: ", i+1, j+1);
scanf("%f", &b[i][j]);}
 Multi-dimensional Arrays

// adding corresponding elements of two arrays

for (int i=0; i<2; ++i)
for (int j=0; j<2; ++j)
sum[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf("\nSum of matrices: \n");
for (int i=0; i<2; ++i)
for (int j=0; j<2; ++j){
printf("%0.1f\t", sum[i][j]);
if (j==1)
puts("");
}
return 0;
}
 Character Arrays

• Character arrays
 String “first” is really a static array of characters
 Character arrays can be initialized using string literals

char stringA[] = "first";

 Null character '\0' terminates strings
 stringA actually has 6 elements
 It is equivalent to
char stringA[] = { 'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0' };
 Can access individual characters

stringA[ 3 ] is character ‘s’

 Array name is address of array, so & not needed for scanf

scanf( "%s", stringB );

 Reads characters until whitespace encountered
 Character Arrays

• Declare a string
char stringA[5];

• Initialize strings
char stringA[]="abcd";
char stringA[50]="abcd";
char stringA[]={'a','b','c','d','\0'};
char stringA[5]={'a','b','c','d','\0'};

• Notes
char c[5]="abcde";

• We are trying to assign 6 characters (the last character is ) to a char array having
5 characters. This is bad and you should never do this
 Character Arrays

• Arrays and string are second-class citizens in C

• They do not support the assignment operator once it is declared

char c[100];
c = "C programming"; //Error! array type is not assignable
 Character Arrays

• Read string from the user

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char city[20];
printf("Enter your city: ");
scanf("%s", city);
printf("Your city is %s.", city);
return 0;
}
• Even though Ho Chi Minh was entered in the above program, only Ho was stored
in the name string because there was a space after Ho.
 Character arrays

• How to read a line of text

• Use the fgets() function to read a line of string.
• You can use puts() to display the string
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char name[30];
printf("Enter name: ");
fgets(name, sizeof(name), stdin); //read string
printf("Name: ");
puts(name); //display string
return 0;}
 Examples

#include <stdio.h>
int main (){
char stringA[20];
char stringB[] = "C programming language";
int i;
// read string from user into array stringA
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", stringA);
//output strings
printf("stringA is: %s\nstringB is: %s\n"
"stringA with spaces between characters is: \n", stringA, stringB);
// output characters until nill character is reached
for (i=0; stringA[i]!='\0';i++){
printf("%c ", stringA[i]);}
printf("\n");
return 0;}
 Examples

Static array example

#include <stdio.h>
void staticArrayInit(void);
void automaticArrayInit(void);
int main(void){
printf("First call to each function: \n");
staticArrayInit();
automaticArrayInit();

printf("\n\nSecond call to each function:\n");

staticArrayInit();
automaticArrayInit();
return 0;}
 Examples

void staticArrayInit(void){
static int arrayA[3];
int i;
printf("\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n");
//output contents of arrayA
for (i=0; i<=2; ++i)
printf("arrayA[%d] = %d ", i, arrayA[i]);
printf("\nValues on existing staticArrayInit:\n");
//modify and ouput contents of arrayA
for (i = 0; i<=2; ++i)
printf("arrayA[%d] = %d ", i, arrayA[i]+=5);}
 Examples

void automaticArrayInit(void){
int arrayB[3]={1,2,3};
int i;
printf("\nValues on entering automaticArrayInit:\n");
//output contents of arrayA
for (i=0; i<=2; ++i)
printf("arrayB[%d] = %d ", i, arrayB[i]);
printf("\nValues on existing staticArrayInit:\n");
//modify and ouput contents of arrayA
for (i = 0; i<=2; ++i)
printf("arrayB[%d] = %d ", i, arrayB[i]+=5);}
 Character Arrays

• Count a letter in a string

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char s[10]="Hello";
int dem=0;
for (int i=0; i<10; ++i)
if (s[i]=='l')
dem++;
printf("So ky tu l trong chuoi: %d", dem);
return 0;
}
 Process Strings

• Function atof – convert a string from char to double

double atof (const char *s)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(){
float f;
char stringA[]="1234.56";
f=atof(stringA); //
printf("%s \n", stringA);
printf("%0.2f", f+10);}
 Process Strings

• Function atoi – convert a string from char to int

int atoi (const char *s)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(){
int i;
char stringA[]="1234";
i = atoi(stringA);
printf("%s \n", stringA);
printf("%d", i+10);}
 Process Strings

• Function strlen – return the length of a string

int strlen (const char *s)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
int stringLen;
char stringA[]="Hello world!";
stringLen = strlen(stringA);
printf("%d", stringLen);}
 Process Strings

• Function strcpy – copy a string to another variable

int strcpy (char *string, stringA)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
char stringA[]="Hello world!";
char stringB[30];
strcpy(stringB, stringA);
printf("%s", stringB);}
 Process Strings

• Function tolower – convert a string from uppercase to lowercase

int tolower (int char *s)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
char stringA[]="HELLO WORLD";
int len = strlen(stringA);
for (int i=0; i<len; ++i)
stringA[i]=tolower(stringA[i]);
printf("%s", stringA);}
 Process Strings

• Function tolower – convert a string from lowercase to uppercase

int toupper (int char *s)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
char stringA[]="hello world";
int len = strlen(stringA);
for (int i=0; i<len; ++i)
stringA[i]=toupper(stringA[i]);
printf("%s", stringA);}
 Process Strings

• Function tolower – combine 2 or more strings into a string

char strcat(char *string, const char *stringA)
• Examples
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
char s[30]="";
char s1[2]=" ", s2[6]="hello", s3[7]="world!";
strcat(s,s2);
strcat(s,s1);
strcat(s,s3);
printf("%s", s);
return 0;}
 Exercises

• Write a program to create a 3D array, denoted arrayA, with random number in

[1,100]
 Print the 3D arrayA
 Find and print all prime numbers in arrayA
 Find and print all perfect square numbers in arrayA
 Calculate the results when passing the array to a function
 Passing Array to Function

• Function prototype
void modifyArray(int b[]), int arraySize);
• Parameter names optional in prototype (not recommend)
int b[] could be written int []
int arraySize could be simply int
 Passing Array to Function

• Passing individual array elements

#include <stdio.h>
void display (int number1, int number2){
printf("%d\n", number1);
printf("%d\n", number2);}
int main(){
int arrayA[]={2,8,4,12};
// pass second and third elements to display()
display(arrayA[1], arrayA[2]);
return 0;}

• Write a short program to check whether an element in an array is the prime number
or not
 Passing Array to Function

• Passing an array with all elements

• Find and print the minimum value in an array
#include <stdio.h>
int minarray(int array[], int size);
int main(){
int i=0, min=0;
int numbers[]={4,5,6,2,1,6,10};
min=minarray(numbers, 7);
printf("minimum number is %d\n", min);
}
int minarray(int array[], int size){
int min=array[0];
for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
if (min>array[i])
min=array[i];
return min;}
 Passing Array to Function

• Passing an array with all elements

• Calculate the sum of all values in an array
#include <stdio.h>
int minarray(int array[], int size);
int main(){
int sum;
int arrayA[]={4,5,6,2,1,6,10};
sum=sumArray(arrayA, 7);
printf("Sum of all elements is %d\n", sum);
}
int sumArray(int array[], int size){
int sum=0;
for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
sum +=array[i];
return sum;}
 Sorting Array

• Sorting data
 Important computing application
 Virtually every organization must sort some data

• Bubble sort
 Several passes through the array
 Successive pairs of elements are compared
 If increasing order (or identical) -> no change
 If decreasing order -> elements exchanged
 Repeat

• Example
 Original: 3 4 2 6 7
 Pass 1: 3 2 4 6 7
 Pass 2: 2 3 4 6 7
 Small elements “bubble” to the top
 Bubble Sort

#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int main(){
int a[SIZE]={2,6,4,8,5,7,89,23,54,100};
int pass, hold;
printf("Data items in original order \n");
for (int i=0; i<SIZE; ++i)
printf("%4d", a[i]);
for (pass=1; pass<SIZE; ++pass){
for (int i=0; i<SIZE-1; ++i)
if(a[i]>a[i+1]){
hold=a[i];
a[i]=a[i+1];
a[i+1]=hold;}
}
printf("\nData items in ascending order\n");
for (int i=0; i<SIZE; ++i)
printf("%4d", a[i]);
return 0;}
 Case Study

• Computing mean, median, and mode using arrays

 Mean – average
 Median – number in middle of sorted list

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3 is the median value
 Mode – number that occurs most often

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5
 Mean of An Array

#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 30
void mean(const int answer[]);
void median(int answer[]);
void mode(int freq[], const int answer[]);
void bubbleSort(int array[]);
void printArray(const int array[]);
int main(){
int frequency[10]={0};
int response[SIZE]={3,4,5,6,3,4,5,8,2,4,4,7,4,1,2,9,7,4,2,1,1,1,2,3,4,9,2,3,4,8};
mean(response);}
void mean(const int answer[]){
int total=0;
for (int j=0; j<SIZE; ++j)
total +=answer[j];
printf("the mean value of array: %f", (float) total/SIZE);}
 Median of An Array
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 30
void median(int answer[]);
void bubbleSort(int array[]);
void printArray(const int array[]);
int main (){
int frequency[10]={0};
int response[SIZE]={3,4,5,6,3,4,5,8,2,4,4,7,4,1,2,9,7,4,2,1,1,1,2,3,4,9,2,3,4,8};
median(response);}
void median(int answer[]){
printArray(answer);
bubbleSort(answer);
printf("\n\nThe sorted array is ");
printArray(answer);
printf("\nThe median element is %d", answer[SIZE/2]);}
void bubbleSort(int array[]){
int pass, i, hold;
for (pass=1; pass<SIZE; ++pass)
for (i=0; i<SIZE-1; ++i)
if (array[i]>array[i+1]){
hold=array[i];
array[i]=array[i+1];
array[i+1]=hold;}}
void printArray(const int array[]){
for (int i=0; i<SIZE; ++i)
printf("%d ", array[i]);}
 Mode of An Array
#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 30
void mode(int freq[], const int answer[]);
int main(){
int frequency[10]={0};
int response[SIZE]={3,4,5,6,3,4,5,8,2,4,4,7,4,1,2,9,7,4,2,1,1,1,2,3,4,9,2,3,4,8};
mode(frequency, response);
return 0;}
void mode(int freq[], const int answer[]){
int rating, i, h, largest=0, modeValue=0;
for (rating=0; rating<=9; ++rating)
freq[rating]=0;
for (i=0; i<SIZE; ++i)
++freq[answer[i]];
for (rating=1; rating<=9; ++rating){
printf("%8d%11d ", rating, freq[rating]);
if (freq[rating]>largest){
largest = freq[rating];
modeValue = rating;}
for (h=1; h<=freq[rating]; ++h)
printf("*");
printf("\n"); }
printf("The mode of the most frequency value. \nFor this run the mode is %d which occured %d time. \n", modeValue,
largest);}
 Exercises

• Write a complete program with the following requirements:

 Enter one integer array with n elements (n is inputted by a user)
 Enter one integer X (X is inputted by a user). Count the number of elements of the array in
which values of these elements are less than X
 Sort and export arrays in descending order
 Export the even elements in the array in descending order
 Export the odd elements in the array in ascending order
 Searching Array

• Binary search
 For sorted arrays only
 Compares middle element with key
 If equal, match found
 If key < middle, looks in first half of array
 If key > middle, looks in last half
 Repeat
 Very fast: at most n steps, where 2n > number of elements
 30 elements array takes at most 5 steps
 25 > 30 so at most 5 steps
 Examples

• Read the code example 6.19 in pages 275-278 and understand it <binary
search of a sorted array>
• Read the code example 6.22 in pages 282-284 and understand it <two-
dimensional array multiplications>
 Exercises

• Write a program to delete all duplicate numbers in an array

• Write a program to merge two sorted array
• Write a program to put even and odd numbers of an array into two separate
arrays
• Write a program to find and print the reverse of an array
• Write a program to left and right rotate an array
• Write a program to calculate the sum of diagonal elements of an 2D array (or a
matrix)
 Exercises

• Write a program to find the transpose of a given 2D array (entered by user)

• Write a program to calculate the sum of each row and column of a given 2D array
(entered by user)
• Write a program with the functions to find the frequency of odd and even number
in a given 2D array (entered by user)
• Write a program to interchange diagonals of a given 2D array (entered by user)