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Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics Notes

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9 views36 pages

Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics Notes

Uploaded by

mikeensure
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Genetics 🞂 The study of the

inheritance of traits
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel and the Pea Plant Experiment

Gregor Mendel is known as the “Father of Modern


Genetics”
Crosses two purebred plants with opposite traits.
Trait- specific characteristic
Gene – chemical factor that control traits
Allele – different versions of traits
Purebred Parents Hybrid Offspring
Homozygous – 2 same alleles Heterozygous – 2 different alleles
P generation F1 Generation

What happened to the short


trait?
F1 Generation F2 Generation

Where did the short trait come


from?
Phenotype: Physical Appearance
Genotype: Genetic Make up
Mendel’s Principles

▪Principle of dominance: some alleles are dominant and


some are recessive. Dominant alleles are always
expressed if present.
Dominant=Capitalized recessive=lower case
▪Principle of segregation: alleles separate from each
other during meiosis. Use Punnett Squares to predict
outcomes
Phenotype Percentage?

Genotype Percentage?
Mendel’s Principles

▪Principle of Independent Assortment: chromosomes


separate independently from one another during
gamete formation.
How to run a Dihybrid Cross
Probabilities

▪ We will use the AND/ OR rule to determine if we should multiply or add probabilities

▪ Ex. What is the probability of rolling a 1 and a 6?

▪ Ex. What is the probability of rolling a 1 or a 6?


Probability Rules Video
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance & Other Stuff
Honors Biology
Multiple Alleles

▪Genes that have more


than two alleles.
▪Ex. Blood type
▪What are the 4 blood
types?
▪ A – IAIA or IAi
▪ B – IBIB or IBi
▪ AB – IAIB
▪ O – ii
Practice Problem #1

▪ Cross heterozygous B by heterozygous A parents to determine the F1 genotypes


and phenotypes.
Problem #2

▪ Cross a heterozygous + AB person by an O negative person to determine the


genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation.
Practice Problem #3

▪ What is the probability of having a female child with A+ blood?


Mom: AB heterozygous +
Dad: O-
Incomplete Dominance

▪One allele is not


completely dominant over
another
▪The phenotype of the
heterozygous organism is
somewhere in between.
Practice Problem #1

▪ Cross a white flower by a red flower to determine the genotypes and phenotypes
of the F1 and F2 generation.
Co-Dominance

▪ Both alleles contribute


equally to the phenotype of
the organism
▪ Ex. In cattle red hair is
codominant with white hair;
cattle with both alleles are
roan (have both white and
dark hairs).
Practice Problem #1

▪ Cross a White cow by a Dark cow to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of
the F1 and F2 generation.
Polygenic Inheritance

▪ Traits that are controlled by two or


more genes.
▪ Traits occur on a continuum.
▪ Ex. height, skin color, eye color,
intelligence, body type, hair color,
fur color, longevity, disease
resistance, flower size, fruit size
Title and Content Layout with List
Standard Deviations from the Norm

▪ AaBbddEeFfGg ▪AABBDdEeFFGg
▪AABBDDEEFFGG ▪AABBDdEEFFGG
▪aabbddeeffgg ▪aabbddEeffgg
▪AaBBDdEeFfGg ▪AaBbDdEeFfGg
Linked Genes 🡪 Gene Linkage

▪ Mendel’s Principle of
Independent Assortment says
that the alleles separate during
meiosis independent from each
other
▪ Thomas Hunt Morgan identified
that genes on the same
chromosome would move
together – they are “linked”
Sex-Linked Genes

▪ Genes that are found on the X or Y chromosome


▪ Most sex-linked genes are found on the X chromosome
▪ Since males only have 1 X, all X-linked alleles are expressed, even if they are
recessive
▪ Ex. Baldness, colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

XA - Normal
Xa - Affected
Y
Practice Problem #1

▪ Cross a female who is a carrier for colorblindness by a male with normal vision.
Find the genotype and phenotype of the F1 generation.
Practice Problem #2

▪ Cross a bald male by a female who is a carrier for baldness. Find the genotypes
and phenotypes of the F1 generation.
Practice Problem #3

A woman that has a colorblind father marries a normal vision man who has a colorblind brother.
What are the possible offspring from the couple?

What is the genotype of the husband’s mother?


Pleiotropy

▪ Multiple phenotypic effects by a


single gene.
▪ Occurs when one gene influences
two or more seemingly unrelated
phenotypic traits.
Epistasis

▪ Gene at one loci affect the expression of


another gene.
▪ Example: mammal fur color, albinism,
red hair, Alz
Red Hair Further Explained …

Example: Red Hair


▪ Blond, brown, and black hair in humans is determined by the amount of a pigment called eumelanin.
Small = Blond
Medium = Brown
Large = Black
▪ A second pigment called pheomelanin makes red hair. But usually people don't build up a lot of that because of a
totally different gene called MCR1.
▪ MCR1 allows the conversion of pheomelanin into eumelanin, making redheadedness rare. The genes for eumelanin
and MCR1 interact to produce one single phenotype.
▪ So why do we ever get redheads? Well, a certain variation of the MCR1 gene will stop the conversion of
pheomelanin into eumelanin, allowing the build up of pheomelanin in the hair, which leads to red hair.
▪ And this is epistasis.
Practice Problem #1

▪ The wild-type coat color of mice, agouti (brown) (AA), is dominant to solid-colored fur (black) (aa).
However, a separate gene (C) is necessary for pigment production. A mouse with a recessive c allele
at this locus is unable to produce pigment and is albino regardless of the color allele present at
locus A.
▪ Cross two totally heterozygous mice for both fur color and pigment production.
Practice Problem #2

▪ In Labradors, Black (B) fur is dominant to brown (b) fur. A totally separate gene controls the
expression of fur color. Deposition of pigment into the hair shaft (E) is dominant over the gene which
does not allow deposition of pigment into the hair shaft (e). Without permission to express, labs are
yellow regardless of their fur color genes.
▪ Cross a heterozygous black, heterozygous deposition by another heterozygous black, heterozygous
deposition.
Multifactorial

▪ Caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutation(s) in gene(s).


▪ Examples: cardiovascular disease, cystic fibrosis, addiction, intelligence, height,
diabetes, body mass, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer, blood pressure

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