Python Basics: A

Comprehensive
Guide
This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of Python basics,
covering fundamental concepts, data types, control structures, functions,
modules, exception handling, and more. It also delves into advanced
topics like object-oriented programming, functional programming,
decorators, and context managers.

by Jeevitha priyadharshni
Variables and Data Types
1 Variables
Variables in Python are used to store data values and serve as references to objects
in memory. Python's dynamic typing system infers the variable type from the
assigned value, making it flexible and concise.

2 Variable Naming Rules

Variable names can contain letters, numbers, and underscores, but must start with
a letter or an underscore. They are case-sensitive and cannot be keywords.

3 Data Types
Python supports various data types, including numeric types (integers, floats,
complex numbers), strings, booleans, lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets.

4 Example
height = 5.9 (Float), name = "Alice" (String), is_student = True (Boolean), age = 20
(Integer)
Control Structures
1 Conditional Statements
Conditional statements (if, elif, else) allow programs to execute
different blocks of code based on conditions. They are essential for
decision-making and controlling program flow.

2 Loops
Loops (for, while) enable repetitive execution of code blocks. They are
used to iterate over sequences or perform actions until a specific
condition is met.

3 Functions
Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks. They
promote code organization, reusability, and modular programming.
Functions and Modules
Functions Modules Example

Functions are reusable blocks of code Modules are files containing Python def greet(name): return f"Hello,
that perform specific tasks. They code that can define functions, {name}" print(greet("Alice")) Output:
allow developers to break down classes, and variables. They allow for Hello, Alice
complex problems into smaller, code organization and reusability
manageable parts. A function can take across different programs. They can
inputs, known as parameters, and can be imported into other Python scripts,
return an output. making it easy to use predefined
functions and classes.
Exception Handling
Exception handling in Python is a mechanism that allows developers to manage errors and exceptions gracefully during
program execution. Exceptions are events that can modify the normal flow of a program when an error occurs, such as trying to
divide by zero, accessing an out-of-bounds index in a list, or attempting to open a non-existent file. Properly handling these
exceptions is crucial for building robust and user-friendly applications.

The try-except block is used to handle exceptions. The code within the try block is executed, and if an exception occurs, the
corresponding except block is executed. This allows the program to continue running even if an error occurs, preventing abrupt
termination.

Example: try: num = int(input("Enter a number: ")) except ValueError: print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Encapsulation Inheritance
Encapsulation is the principle of bundling the data (attributes) Inheritance is another core concept of OOP, allowing new classes
and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single (subclasses) to inherit properties and behaviors from existing
unit, or class. This encapsulation restricts direct access to some classes (superclasses). This promotes code reuse and
of an object's components, which can prevent accidental establishes a natural hierarchy among classes.
interference and misuse of the methods and data.

Polymorphism Abstraction
Polymorphism allows for methods to do different things based Abstraction is the principle of hiding the complex reality while
on the object it is acting upon. This means that a single function exposing only the necessary parts. It allows programmers to
can operate in different ways based on the object that invokes it. focus on interactions at a high level without needing to
understand the intricate details of the implementation.
Functional Programming
Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and
avoids changing-state and mutable data. In Python, functional programming is supported alongside other paradigms, allowing
developers to use functions as first-class citizens. This means that functions can be passed as arguments to other functions,
returned as values from other functions, and assigned to variables.

One of the key features of functional programming is the use of higher-order functions, which are functions that can take other
functions as arguments or return them as results. Python provides several built-in functions like map(), filter(), and reduce()
(from the functools module) that facilitate functional programming styles.

Using Lambda Functions: square = lambda x: x * x print(square(5)) Output: 25

Decorators
Decorators in Python are a powerful and flexible way to modify or
enhance the behavior of functions or methods without permanently
modifying their structure. They provide a way to wrap another function,
allowing you to execute code before and after the wrapped function runs,
thereby extending its functionality.

This makes decorators a popular choice for cross-cutting concerns such as

logging, authentication, and caching. Decorators are defined using the @
symbol followed by the decorator function name, placed above the
function to be decorated.