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week3 wave particle duality

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4 views

week3 wave particle duality

Uploaded by

Riyadh mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENGINEERING PHYSICS

PHY1071
• Momentum of Photon
• Wave Particle Duality
• Matter Waves
Momentum of Photon
• Einstein extended the photon concept from law of conservation of energy to law of conservation
of momentum

• Photons & Electromagnetic Waves

• Photon is a particle of electromagnetic energy whose rest mass is zero.


• A photon can move with only the speed of light, neither less nor more.
• A photon has only kinetic energy and does not have potential energy.
• The energy of a photon is: E = hf = hc/λ (h is Plank’s constant, f is the frequency & λ is the
wavelength of the wave associated with the photon).
• The linear momentum of a photon is:
According to the theory of relativistic energy

We know that, for a photon


Numerical Exercise on momentum and energy of photons
1. What is the momentum of a 589-nm yellow photon?
2. What is the momentum of a 4-cm microwave photon? 1.66 *10^-32
3. In a beam of white light (wavelengths from 400 to 750 nm), what range of momentum can the photons have?
4. What is the energy of a photon whose momentum is 3.0 *10^-26 Js/m ( 56.21 eV)
5. What is the wavelength of (a) a 12-keV X-ray photon; (b) a 2.0-MeV gamma -ray photon?
6. Find the momentum and energy (in eV) of a 1.0-Å photon.
7. Find the wave length and energy of a photon with momentum 5.00*10^-29 Js/m
A gamma -ray photon has a momentum of 8*10^-21kg.m/s. Find its wavelength and energy. 82.9 fm; 15 MeV
9. (a) Calculate the momentum of a 2.5 micrometer photon. (b) Find the velocity of an electron with the same momentum.
(c) What is the kinetic energy of the electron.
10. Show that the energy E in eV of a photon is given by 1.241 *10^ -6 / eV/m where is its wavelength in meters.
1. What is the momentum of a 589-nm yellow photon?
2. What is the momentum of a 4-cm microwave photon? 1.66 *10^-32
3. In a beam of white light (wavelengths from 400 to 750 nm), what range of momentum can the photons have?
4. What is the energy of a photon whose momentum is 3.0 *10^-26 Js/m ( 56.21 eV)
5. What is the wavelength of (a) a 12-keV X-ray photon; (b) a 2.0-MeV gamma -ray photon?
6. Find the momentum and energy (in eV) of a 1.0-Å photon.
7. Find the wave length and energy of a photon with momentum 5.00*10^-29 Js/m
A gamma -ray photon has a momentum of 8*10^-21kg.m/s. Find its wavelength and energy. 82.9 fm; 15 MeV
9. (a) Calculate the momentum of a 2.5 micrometer photon. (b) Find the velocity of an electron with the same
momentum. (c) What is the kinetic energy of the electron.
10. Show that the energy E in eV of a photon is given by 1.241 *10^ -6 / eV/m where is its wavelength in
meters.
Wave Particle Duality
• Electro magnetic waves (light) wave has both particle and wave nature
• Light interference , reflection, refraction, diffraction  wave nature
• Black body radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect  particle nature.

Wave nature of Matter:


Louis de Broglie extended the concept of dual nature to the matter. (Davisson-Germer experiment)

De-Broglie’s wavelength:

Equating both
=
De Broglie wavelength of a charged particle (Electron) :
If a particle of charge q and mass m, that is initially at rest, is accelerated through a potential difference ‘V’ so that it
moves with non-relativistic speed v then its kinetic energy is given as:
MATTER WAVES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES

Unlike electromagnetic waves, the matter waves have following properties:


1. The wavelength of matter wave is inversely proportional to mass of the particle. Hence larger the mass of the
particle, shorter will be the wavelength and vice versa.
2. The wavelength of matter wave is inversely proportional to velocity of the particle. Hence greater the
velocity of the particle, smaller will be the wavelength and vice versa.
3. The amplitude of the de-Broglie wave varies with likelihood of detecting the particle at a particular position.
Hence the matter wave is termed as probability wave.
4. When a particle is in motion, two different velocities are associated with it. They are mechanical motion of
particle (vparticle) and motion of associated matter wave (vphase).
Numerical Examples
1. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for an electron moving at 1.0 x 10 7 m/s and a rock of mass 50 g is thrown
with a speed of 40 m/s. Ans: 7.28 × 10–11 m, 3.3 × 10–34 m.
2. An electron has a kinetic energy of 3.0 eV. Find its wavelength. Also find the wavelength of a photon having
the same energy. Ans: 7.09 x 10–10 m, 4.14 x 10–7 m

Additional Examples
1. At what velocity will an electron have a wavelength of 1.00 m?
2. What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling at a speed of 145.5 pm
3. What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron that is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 20keV?
4. What is the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is 2.0 MeV? 10.0 MeV?20 fm; 9 fm
5. What is the de Broglie wavelength of a 10-kg football player running at a speed of 8.0 m/s?
6. (a) What is the energy of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is that of a photon of yellow light with wavelength
590 nm? (b) What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose energy is that of the photon of yellow light?a.
2.103 eV; b. 0.846 nm
7. The de Broglie wavelength of a neutron is 0.01 nm. What is the speed and energy of this neutron?
8. What is the wavelength of an electron that is moving at a 3% of the speed of light? 80.9 pm
9. At what velocity does a proton have a 6.0-fm wavelength (about the size of a nucleus)? Give your answer in units of c.
10. What is the velocity of a 0.400-kg billiard ball if its wavelength is 7.50 fm?
1. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength for an electron moving at 1.0 x 10 7 m/s and a rock of mass 50 g is thrown with a
speed of 40 m/s. Ans: 7.28 × 10–11 m, 3.3 × 10–34 m.
1. An electron has a kinetic energy of 3.0 eV. Find its wavelength. Also find the wavelength of a photon having the same
energy. Ans: 7.09 x 10–10 m, 4.14 x 10–7 m
Group Speed and Phase Speed (Not in exam point of view)
• When a group of a very large number of waves, having equal amplitudes but slightly different frequencies and slightly
different wavelengths, superpose with each other, they give rise to a wave packet.

• A wave packet is characterized by two different speeds.


(i) Phase Speed: it is the speed of the individual wave front moves

(ii) Group Speed: The envelope of group of waves travels through space with a different speed than the individual waves.
This speed is called the group speed. ()
Relationship between Group Speed and Phase Speed (Not in exam point of view)
Relationship between Group Speed and Particle Speed (Not in exam point of view)
Relationship between Group Speed, phase speed ,Particle Speed and speed of Light (Not in exam point of view)

==>

We know that, ==>

Example: 1
The particle of mass 3.5*10-30 kg is accelerated, it attains a steady state kinetic energy of 25eV.
Calculate the wavelength associated with the moving particle and also the phase velocity of the
matter wave.
Example: 1 (Not in exam point of view)
The particle of mass 3.5*10-30 kg is accelerated, it attains a steady state kinetic energy of 25eV. Calculate the wavelength
associated with the moving particle and also the phase velocity of the matter wave.

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