3.2 Friction of a Body - Inclined Plane

PR8451 MECHANICS OF MACHINES
UNIT 3 FRICTION
A little consideration will show that if the inclination of the plane, with the
horizontal, is less than the angle of friction, the body will be in equilibrium as
shown in Fig. 10.6 (a).
If,in this condition, the body is required to be moved upwards and
downwards, a corresponding force is required for the same.
But, if the inclination of the plane is more than the angle of friction, the body
will move down and an upward force (P) will be required to resist the body
from moving down the plane as shown in Fig. 10.6 (b).
An effort of 1500 N is required to just move a certain body up an
inclined plane of angle 12º, force acting parallel to the plane. If
the angle of inclination is increased to 15º, then the effort
required is 1720 N. Find the weight of the body and the
coefficient of friction
Screw Friction
Screw Friction
 The screws, bolts, studs, nuts etc. are widely used in various
machines and structures for temporary fastenings.
 These fastenings have screw threads, which are made by cutting a
continuous helical groove on a cylindrical surface.
 If the threads are cut on the outer surface of a solid rod, these are
known as external threads.
 But if the threads are cut on the internal surface of a hollow rod,
these are known as internal threads.
 The screw threads are mainly of two types i.e. V-threads and square
threads. The V-threads are stronger and offer more frictional
 Moreover, the V-threads have an advantage of preventing the nut
from slackening.
 In general, the V threads are used for the purpose of tightening
pieces together e.g. bolts and nuts etc.
 But the square threads are used in screw jacks, vice screws etc.
The following terms are important for the study of screw :

1. Helix. It is the curve traced by a particle, while describing a circular
path at a uniform
speed and advancing in the axial direction at a uniform rate. In other
words, it is the curve traced by a particle while moving along a screw
3. Lead. It is the distance, a screw thread advances axially in one turn.
4. Depth of thread. It is the distance between the top and bottom
surfaces of a thread (also
known as crest and root of a thread).
5. Single-threaded screw. If the lead of a screw is equal to its pitch,
it is known as single
threaded screw.
6. Multi-threaded screw. If more than one thread is cut in one lead
distance of a screw, it is known as multi-threaded screw e.g. in a
double threaded screw, two threads are cut in one lead length.
In such cases, all the threads run independently along the length of the
Screw Jack
The screw jack is a device, for lifting
heavy loads, by applying a
comparatively smaller effort at its
handle. The principle, on which a
screw jack works is similar to that of
an inclined plane. Fig. 10.11 (a)
shows a common form of a screw
jack, which consists of a square
threaded rod (also called screw rod
or simply screw) which fits into the
inner threads of the nut. The load, to
be raised or lowered, is placed on
the head of the square threaded rod
which is rotated by the application
of an effort at the end of the lever
for lifting or lowering the load.
TORQUE REQUIRED TO LIFT THE LOAD BY A SCREW JACK
If one complete turn of a screw thread by imagined to be
unwound, from the body of the screw and developed, it will form
an inclined plane as shown in Fig.
The nominal diameter of a screw thread is also known as
outside diameter or major diameter.
** The core diameter of a screw thread is also known as
inner diameter or root diameter or minor diameter
1. An electric motor driven power screw moves a nut in a horizontal
plane against a force of 75 kN at a speed of 300 mm/min. The screw
has a single square thread of 6 mm pitch on a major diameter of 40
mm. The coefficient of friction at the screw threads is 0.1. Estimate
power of the motor.
The mean diameter of a square threaded screw jack is 50 mm. The pitch of the
thread is 10 mm. The coefficient of friction is 0.15. What force must be applied at
the end of a 0.7 m long lever, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
screw to raise a load of 20 kN and to lower it?
A turnbuckle, with right and left hand single start threads, is used to couple two wagons. Its thread pitch is 12 mm
and mean diameter 40 mm. The coefficient of friction between the nut and screw is 0.16. 1. Determine the work
done in drawing the wagons together a distance of 240 mm, against a steady load of 2500 N. 2. If the load
increases from 2500 N to 6000 N over the distance of 240mm, what is the work to be done?
Solution. Given : p = 12 mm ; d = 40 mm ; µ = tan  = 0.16 ; W = 2500 N

Max. Efficiency of a Screw Jack
The mean diameter of the screw jack having pitch of 10 mm is 50 mm. A load of 20 kN is lifted through a distance of
170 mm. Find the work done in lifting the load and efficiency of the screw jack when
1. the load rotates with the screw, and
2. the load rests on the loose head which does not rotate with the screw.
The external and internal diameter of the bearing surface of the loose head are 60 mm and 10 mm respectively. The
coefficient of friction for the screw as well as the bearing surface may be taken as 0.08.
A load of 10 kN is raised by means of a screw jack, having a square threaded screw of 12 mm pitch
and of mean diameter 50 mm. If a force of 100 N is applied at the end of a lever to raise the load,
what should be the length of the lever used? Take coefficient of friction = 0.15. What is the
mechanical advantage obtained? State whether the screw is self locking

3.2 Friction of a Body - Inclined Plane

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PR8451 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

The following terms are important for the study of screw :

Solution. Given : p = 12 mm ; d = 40 mm ; µ = tan  = 0.16 ; W = 2500 N

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