MS 102

SOCIAL CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS

OF ICT

Lecture 04

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 Layout of Lecture # 04
 The use of ICT in different Sectors

 The Impact of ICT in Society

 Computer Ethics

 Future of computers

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THE USE OF ICT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

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 THE USE OF ICT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
 It took 35 years from the date the telephone was
invented for it to reach 25% of the world population.
 It took 26 years for the television to achieve the
same feat,
 16 years for the personal computer,
 only seven years for the Internet

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 THE USE OF ICT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
 Internet users worldwide have quadrupled between
2000 and 2005
 In the world, there are now more mobile than fixed
line phones
 Approximately 70% of the developing world’s
population now lives within the footprint of a mobile
phone service

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 THE USE OF ICT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

“ICT plays a vital role in advancing

economic growth and reducing
poverty. A survey of firms carried out
in 56 developing countries finds that
firms that use ICT grow faster, invest
more, and are more productive and
profitable than those that do not”

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 THE USE OF ICT IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

“Information and communications

technologies (ICT) have had uneven
deployment both between nations and
within nations. These differences in the
use of ICT and the Internet are part of
the ‘digital divide’ ”

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THE IMPACT OF ICT IN
SOCIETY

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 SOCIAL NETWORKING: POSITIVE
1. On the internet you can use social networking sites
such as Face book and twitter etc.
2. On these websites you can talk to your friends and
people you haven't seen in a long time this has a
positive impact on society because you can
communicate to a wider range of people over the
internet.

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 SOCIAL NETWORKING: NEGATIVE
1. The Negative impact on social networking sites is
that it would improve the likely hood of
paedophiles‘, stalkers and cyber bullying because
using the internet would be an easy way to do it.
2. Also it may increase the rate of crime due to
website because of cyber bullying, paedophiles and
stalkers. Also people could pretend to be you on
these websites.

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 PERSONAL SECURITY: POSITIVE/NEGATIVE
1. When your searching online you have some form of
internet security which should protect you from
hackers, thief's, identity theft and viruses.
2. The negative on the security is there are some
hackers able to break through and steal things such
as your credit card details, they could also commit
fraud and pretend to be you which could ultimately
destroy your business and your reputation.

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 GENERATION BARRIERS
1. The impact from it on the society has created some
generation barriers for example, an elderly person would
generally not understand anywhere near the amount
about a computer than a child, this is a generation
barrier. The positive side is that the children can teach
the older generation and help them.
2. The negative side is, it may prevent one generation
communicating with another due to their not being much
that they can both relate to, it would also mean they may
not be communicating with other people in their families
which is a negative impact on society.

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 HEALTH: BENEFITS
1. Using the internet you can find out what you have
wrong with you if you are ill, either by forums or
have a conversation to a doctor using a webcam
where you can get diagnosed by someone who live
many miles away from you without the hassle of
travelling to far.
2. Also if the symptoms are correct it allows you to
know quicker so you would be able to act against
the illness quicker.

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 HEALTH: NEGATIVES
1. Using computers can have negative impacts on
your health for example if you are looking at a
computer screen for to long it could damage your
eyes.
2. Also if you are on a computer all day it would affect
your health because you would not be getting any
exercise.
3. Also the doctors online may diagnose you wrong
because they are not seeing you in person.

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 BUSINESS: POSITIVE
1. Using the internet some world wide companies can
produce large amounts of profit for example Tesco,
Amazon and Asda this is good way to make their
company more known
2. It also to produce a profit also some companies
advertise their products on other websites to increase
the interest in their products.
3. This is good because it lets people know which shop is
selling what before they travel their or can purchase the
product online.

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 BUSINESS: NEGATIVE
1. The Negative side of ICT in business is that it
makes it harder for new companies to succeed due
to big companies such as Tesco, ASDA and
Amazon being well known online websites
2. People would more likely visit their websites over
new companies websites or stores and because of
this newer companies could go into bankruptcy
before they have barely even started to sell their
products to the general public.

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 SCHOOL : POSITIVES
1. The positives for ICT in schools is that it gives
students another option to study and get
qualifications in it
2. Also makes it easier for students to research what
needs to be searched also students can save their
work onto the system and do their school work on
the computers.
3. Also it can make it so students can email their work
to themselves so they can improve it at home.

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 SCHOOL : NEGATIVE
1. The negative impact from ICT on schools is that the
work that students save on it could be deleted by a
system error or by
2. Also they could have received the wrong
information from the research they did because
they used the wrong websites to get the information
from.

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 POSITIVE OVERALL
1. Overall the positives are that you can communicate
to your friends fast over the internet, also you can
research nearly anything online and you can
purchase products online this makes it easier to
purchase stuff.
2. Also it is easier people delivering the product to
your house than going to the store and purchasing
it in store.

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 NEGATIVE OVERALL
1. The Negative impacts on society is that it creates a
generation barrier where different generations are
rarely communicating also it can make people
vulnerable to hackers viruses and identity thief's
2. Also they could get the wrong information for
things such as coursework if they are using the
wrong websites for information.
3. It could cause some bad health because of damage
to the eyes and also it could cause small
businesses to go bankrupt.

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COMPUTER ETHICS

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 INTRODUCTION
 Computer ethics is growing and changing as
computers are growing and changing
 Narrow view:
apply traditional ethical to issues regarding the use of computer
technology
 Very Broad view:
Also include: standards of professional practice, codes
of conduct, aspects of computer law, public policy,
corporate ethics

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 WHAT IS ETHICS?
The study of moral, legal, and social issues…

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 WHAT IS COMPUTER ETHICS?
New Twist to Old Ethical Issues:
“ethical problems aggravated, transformed or
created by computer technology” Maner
“pose new versions of standard moral problems
and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old
problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral
norms in uncharted realms “ Johnson

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 WHAT IS COMPUTER ETHICS?
Best available definition:
a field concerned with "policy vacuums" and "conceptual
muddles" regarding the social and ethical use of
information technology Moor

policy vacuum – Computers provide us with new

capabilities and these in turn give us new
choices for action

conceptual muddle - a problem in computer

ethics may seem clear initially, a little reflection
reveals a conceptual muddle
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 WHAT IS COMPUTER ETHICS?
1990’s Gotterbarn
a branch of professional ethics, which is
concerned primarily with standards of practice
and codes of conduct of computing
professionals

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 ETHICAL PRINCIPALS

• Ethical principals are tools which are

used to think through difficult situations.
• Three useful ethical principals:
– An act is ethical if all of society benefits from
the act.
– An act is ethical if people are treated as an
end and not as a means to an end.
– An act is ethical if it is fair to all parties
involved.
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 ETHICS FOR COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
Computer Professionals:
• Are experts in their field,
• Know customers rely on their knowledge,
expertise, and honesty,
• Understand their products (and related risks)
affect many people,
• Follow good professional standards and
practices,
• Maintain an expected level of competence and
are up-to-date on current knowledge and
technology, and
• Educate the non-computer professional
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 COMPUTER ETHICS
• Four primary issues
– Privacy – responsibility to protect data about
individuals
– Accuracy - responsibility of data collectors to
authenticate information and ensure its accuracy
– Property - who owns information and software
and how can they be sold and exchanged
– Access - responsibility of data collectors to
control access and determine what information a
person has the right to obtain about others and
how the information can be used
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 INFORMATION OWNERSHIP
ISSUES
• Illegal software copying (pirating)

• Infringement of copyrights by copying of

pictures or text from web pages

• Plagiarism by copying text from other

sources when original work is expected

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 TERMS
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:
Intangible creations protected by law
TRADE SECRET:
Intellectual work or products belonging to a business, not in public
domain
COPYRIGHT:
Statutory grant protecting intellectual property from copying by
others for 28 years
PATENT:
Legal document granting owner exclusive monopoly on an invention
for 17 years
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 COPYRIGHT LAWS
 Software developers (or the companies they work for)
own their programs.
 Software buyers only own the right to use the software
according to the license agreement.
 No copying, reselling, lending, renting, leasing, or
distributing is legal without the software owner’s
permission.

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 SOFTWARE LICENSES
 There are four types of software licenses:
 Public Domain
 Freeware
 Shareware
 All Rights Reserved

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 PUBLIC DOMAIN LICENSE
 Public domain software has no owner and is not
protected by copyright law.
 It was either created with public funds, or the
ownership was forfeited by the creator.
 Can be copied, sold, and/or modified
 Often is of poor quality/unreliable

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 FREEWARE LICENSE
 Freeware is copyrighted software that is
licensed to be copied and distributed
without charge.
 Freeware is free, but it’s still under the
owner’s control.
 Examples:
 Eudora Light
 Netscape
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 SHAREWARE LICENSE
• A shareware software license allows you to use
the software for a trial period, but you must pay
a registration fee to the owner for permanent
use.
– Some shareware trials expire on a certain
date
– Payment depends on the honor system
• Purchasing (the right to use) the software may
also get you a version with more powerful
features and published documentation.
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 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LICENSE
 May be used by the purchaser according the
exact details spelled out in the license
agreement.
 You can’t legally use it--or even possess it--
without the owner’s permission.

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 SOFTWARE PIRACY
 SPA (Software Publishers Association) polices
software piracy and mainly targets:
 Illegal duplication
 Sale of copyrighted software
 Companies that purchase single copies and load
the software on multiple computers or networks
 They rely on whistle-blowers.
 Penalties (for primary user of PC) may include fines
up to $250,000 and/or imprisonment up to 5 years in
jail
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FUTURE OF COMPUTERS

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 THE FIFTH GENERATION
• Mid 1990’s
• Intelligent computers
– Artificial intelligence
– Expert systems
– Natural language

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 THE FIFTH GENERATION
EXPERT SYSTEMS
• Software used with an extensive set of organized data
that presents the computer as an expert on a particular
topic
• User
– Knowledge seeker
– Asks questions in English-like format
• Computer responds with an answer and explanation

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 THE FIFTH GENERATION
VR – VIRTUAL REALITY
• Engage a user in a computer-created
environment
– User physically interacts with computer-created
environment
– Immersion – user becomes absorbed in the VR
interaction
• How it works
– Alters perceptions
– Appeals to several senses at once
– Presents images that respond immediately to users
movements
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 THE FIFTH GENERATION
VR – VIRTUAL REALITY
• The future of VR
– Virtual showroom
– Try new medical procedures on simulated
patients
• Problem
– Simulator sickness
– Costs

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THANK YOU!!

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