UNIT-1

Data Base Management System

(5 Marks)
• Data: Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures without context. It
can be numbers, text, images, audio, or video. For example, a list of
names, a string of text, or a set of measurements.
• Database: A database is an organized collection of structured information
or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. It allows for
efficient storage, retrieval, and management of data. An example of a
database is a customer records system used by businesses.
• Database Management System (DBMS): A DBMS is software that
interacts with end-users, applications, and the database itself to capture and
analyze data. It provides tools and functionalities to create, retrieve,
update, and manage data in databases. Examples of DBMS include
MySQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server.
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that allows
users to create, store, organize, and manipulate data in a database.
Objectives of DBMS
• To provide a storage area for the mass amount of
relevant data.
• To make access to the data easy for the end-user.
• To allow multiple users to be active at one time.
• To allow the growth of the database.
• To eliminate data redundancy (duplication of
data).
• To protect the data from the physical harm and
unauthorized access.
Advantages of DBMS
• Data Sharing:-One of the biggest advantages of a DBMS is its ability to share
data. Using a DBMS, several users are allowed to access and use the database
simultaneously without influencing one another. This is especially handy for teams
that are working on the same project.
• Improved data security:-Data security measures are very important for any
organization. To ensure high data security, companies use DBMS as it provides
various levels of security authentication which can be done at the user and admin
levels. This helps to avoid security breaches and takes care of the security issues.
• Minimize data inconsistency:-Data inconsistency occurs when there are different
versions of the same data stored at different places. For example, data
inconsistency exists when let’s say a school’s database has the name of the
Principal as 'Raman Desai' at one place and it’s 'Naman Desai' at the other place.
Here, there’s an inconsistency as the principal is the same and it should be the same
at all places in a database. Such errors are highly minimized in a properly designed
DBMS.
• Support Multiple User:-DBMS allows multiple users to access the same database
at a time without any conflicts.
• Data Backup and Recovery:-Data loss is a big problem for all the organizations.
In the file system users have to back up the files in regular intervals which lead to
waste of time and resources. DBMS solves this problem of taking backup
automatically and recovery of the database.
Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software:-Implementing a DBMS can be costly, as it requires
powerful hardware to support the database, especially in high-demand
environments. Additionally, purchasing a DBMS software license can be expensive.
• Complexity:-A DBMS is complex software that requires skilled personnel to manage
and maintain. Database administrators (DBAs) need specialized knowledge to ensure
that the database performs well and remains secure.
• Large Storage Requirements:-DBMSs require huge storage space due to the
overhead needed to manage the database. As data grows, it requires larger storage,
adding to the cost.
• Data Migration and Conversion Complexity:-When migrating data from traditional
systems to a DBMS, the process can be complex and time-consuming. Data
transformation, cleaning, and integration need to be performed carefully to avoid
data integrity issues.
• Frequent Maintenance Requirements:-A DBMS needs regular maintenance, such as
backup, tuning, updates, and security patches. These tasks require dedicated
resources and time.
• Dependency on DBMS Vendors:-Most commercial DBMSs are vendor-specific, and
organizations can become dependent on a single vendor for updates, support, and
enhancements, which may be costly and limiting.
Database Design Model [ IMP5 marks]

A database model is a conceptual framework or structure that defines how data is

stored, organized, and manipulated within a database system. It establishes the
relationships, rules, and constraints between different data elements, shaping how data
can be accessed and queried. Database models serve as blueprints for database systems,
guiding how data is structured to support specific use cases and ensure efficient data
retrieval and management.
• Hierarchical database Model
• Network database Model
• Relation Database Model
• ER database Model