UNIT-1

Data Base Management System

(5 Marks)
• Data: Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures without context. It
can be numbers, text, images, audio, or video. For example, a list of
names, a string of text, or a set of measurements.
• Database: A database is an organized collection of structured information
or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. It allows for
efficient storage, retrieval, and management of data. An example of a
database is a customer records system used by businesses.
• Database Management System (DBMS): A DBMS is software that
interacts with end-users, applications, and the database itself to capture and
analyze data. It provides tools and functionalities to create, retrieve,
update, and manage data in databases. Examples of DBMS include
MySQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server.
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that allows
users to create, store, organize, and manipulate data in a database.
Objectives of DBMS
• To provide a storage area for the mass amount of
relevant data.
• To make access to the data easy for the end-user.
• To allow multiple users to be active at one time.
• To allow the growth of the database.
• To eliminate data redundancy (duplication of
data).
• To protect the data from the physical harm and
unauthorized access.
Advantages of DBMS
• Data Sharing:-One of the biggest advantages of a DBMS is its ability to share
data. Using a DBMS, several users are allowed to access and use the database
simultaneously without influencing one another. This is especially handy for teams
that are working on the same project.
• Improved data security:-Data security measures are very important for any
organization. To ensure high data security, companies use DBMS as it provides
various levels of security authentication which can be done at the user and admin
levels. This helps to avoid security breaches and takes care of the security issues.
• Minimize data inconsistency:-Data inconsistency occurs when there are different
versions of the same data stored at different places. For example, data
inconsistency exists when let’s say a school’s database has the name of the
Principal as 'Raman Desai' at one place and it’s 'Naman Desai' at the other place.
Here, there’s an inconsistency as the principal is the same and it should be the same
at all places in a database. Such errors are highly minimized in a properly designed
DBMS.
• Support Multiple User:-DBMS allows multiple users to access the same database
at a time without any conflicts.
• Data Backup and Recovery:-Data loss is a big problem for all the organizations.
In the file system users have to back up the files in regular intervals which lead to
waste of time and resources. DBMS solves this problem of taking backup
automatically and recovery of the database.
Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software:-Implementing a DBMS can be costly, as it requires
powerful hardware to support the database, especially in high-demand
environments. Additionally, purchasing a DBMS software license can be expensive.
• Complexity:-A DBMS is complex software that requires skilled personnel to manage
and maintain. Database administrators (DBAs) need specialized knowledge to ensure
that the database performs well and remains secure.
• Large Storage Requirements:-DBMSs require huge storage space due to the
overhead needed to manage the database. As data grows, it requires larger storage,
adding to the cost.
• Data Migration and Conversion Complexity:-When migrating data from traditional
systems to a DBMS, the process can be complex and time-consuming. Data
transformation, cleaning, and integration need to be performed carefully to avoid
data integrity issues.
• Frequent Maintenance Requirements:-A DBMS needs regular maintenance, such as
backup, tuning, updates, and security patches. These tasks require dedicated
resources and time.
• Dependency on DBMS Vendors:-Most commercial DBMSs are vendor-specific, and
organizations can become dependent on a single vendor for updates, support, and
enhancements, which may be costly and limiting.
Database Design Model [ IMP5 marks]

A database model is a conceptual framework or structure that defines how data is

stored, organized, and manipulated within a database system. It establishes the
relationships, rules, and constraints between different data elements, shaping how data
can be accessed and queried. Database models serve as blueprints for database systems,
guiding how data is structured to support specific use cases and ensure efficient data
retrieval and management.
• Hierarchical database Model
• Network database Model
• Relation Database Model
• ER database Model
Hierarchical Database Model

A hierarchical database model is a data organization approach where data is

structured in a tree-like format, with records organized as parent-child relationships.
Each child node has only one parent, but a parent node can have multiple children. This
structure is often used in applications where relationships are naturally hierarchical,
like organizational charts or file directory systems.
Advantages:
• It is the easiest model.
• Searching is easy and fast if parents is known by the user.
• Efficient to handling one-to-many relationship.
• Help to built complex system form simple components.
• Highly secured because nobody can see and modified child
without parents permission.
Disadvantages.
• It is old and outdated database model.
• It isn’t flexible model.
• It can’t handle many to many relationship.
• It increase data redundancy because same data can be stored in
different places
• When parent node is deleted all the child node is deleted
automatically.
Network Database Model
Network database model is a modified version of previous database model.
This model in known as flexible and versatile database model which can
represent many-to-many relationship. In this model root of data is not
necessary to move downward. It can be in any direction . It allows each
records to have multiple parents and multiple children.
Advantages:
• More flexible and versatile model.
• Accepts many to many relationship.
• Reduce data redundancy.
• Searching is faster because of multi-directional pointers.
Disadvantages
• Complex database model
• Need large program to handle the relationship.
• Less security because of data sharing.
• It increases the processing overhead due to the complex
relationship.
• Lack of structural independences.
Relational Database model
The relational database model represents all data in the database in simple two
dimension table. Each database is connected to the data in different fields
using common data or key field. A particular attributes is selected as a primary
key that can be referred in another table called a foreign key. It is highly
flexable database model which can be used with limited memory
Advantages
• In this model, one table is linked with other by using some
common field and rules. The rules which is implemented in
one table can be easily implemented to the other table.
• Normalization of the database is possible.
• There is less data redundancy.
• Rapid processing of database is possible.
• If new data is to be added than existing database in not
necessary to design.
Disadvantages
• It is more complex than other database model.
• Too many rules makes the database less user friendly.
ER Database Model
An entity relationship database model is also
called an entity relationship diagram which is
the graphical representation of entities and their
relationship to each other. This model is typically
used in computing and organizing the data with
database. There are mainly 3 types of relations.
• One to One relationship
• One to Many relationship
• Many to Many relationship
• One to One relationship:- In this type one entity from
set A can be associated with at most one entity of set
B and vice versa. Example relationship between
driver and car, campus and campus chief etc.
• One to Many relationship:-In this model, one entity
from set A associated with more than one entity of the
set B. Example relationship between campus and
students, customer and order.
• Many to Many relationship:- Many entities from set A
can be associated with more than one entity of set B
and vice versa. Example relationship between books
and authors, teachers and students.