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CSEon Basis of Code

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4 views6 pages

CSEon Basis of Code

Uploaded by

sourav.2102008cse.hstu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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calloc()

• Allocates multiple blocks of memory (storage).


• Stores derived data types such as array and structure.
• Each block would be of same size.
• Allocates contiguous blocks of memory.
• Initially assigns zero (0) to all bytes.
• Syntax: ptr= (cast-type*)calloc (n,size);
n-> number of blocks
size->byte size
• Example:
struct student{
char name[30];
long int ID;
int level;
};
typedef struct student info;
info *ptr;
ptr= (info*)calloc (5,sizeof (info));
calloc() (contd.)

• Always make sure that requested blocks of memory has been


allocated successfully before using the pointer in the program.
if (ptr==NULL) {
printf (“Insufficient memory. Memory not allocated”);
exit (1);
}
• Example:
main(){ for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
int *ptr,i,n=5; ptr[i]=i;
ptr=(int*)calloc(n,sizeof(int)); printf("Array elements are \n");
if (ptr==NULL) { for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf ("Insufficient memory. Memory not allocated"); printf("%d ",ptr[i]);
exit(1); }
}
free() & realloc()
• Frees/releases the allocated block of memory for future use.
free (ptr);
• It might happen that, the previously allocated memory is not sufficient and additional
memory space is needed.
• Also, the allocated memory space is larger than required.
• realloc() changes the size of the already allocated memory space.
• This is known as reallocation of memory.
• For example,
int *ptr;
ptr= (int *)malloc(100*sizeof(int));
ptr= (int *)realloc(ptr,85*sizeof(int));

*program 13.2
The Preprocessor
• A unique feature of C is the preprocessor.
• It is a program that processes the source code before it passes through the compiler
(preprocesses).
• It operates under the preprocessor directives.
• Preprocessor directives are placed in the program before main.
• At first, the preprocessor program checks the source code if there is any preprocessor
directives. If found, appropriate actions are taken accordingly and passes the source code
to the compiler.
• Preprocessor directives start with the symbol # and require no semicolon (;) at the end.
For example, #include and #define (Table 14.1).

• The tools of the preprocessors helps to make a program easy to read and modify, portable,
and more efficient.
The Preprocessor(contd.)
• The Preprocessor directives are divided into three categories:
Macro substitution directives
File inclusion directives
Compiler control directives

 Macro substitution directives: In this process, an identifier in the program is


replaced by a predefined string. This is done under the direction of #define.
Syntax: #define identifier string

• Simple Macro Substitution: Commonly used to define constant.


Example: #define A 80
#define AMOUNT (5*4.8)
#define if(a>b)
The Preprocessor(contd.)
• Argumented Macro Substitution: Allows more complex and useful replacements.
Syntax: #define identifier(f1,f2,…..fn ) string
Example: #define A(x) (x+x)
So the statement b= A(n); would be evaluated as b=n+n;

#define MAX(a,b) ((a>b?)a:b)


So the statement result=MAX(x,y); would be evaluated as result=((a>b?)a:b);

Example program:
#define MAX(a,b) ((a>b)?a:b)
main(){
int result,x,y;
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
result=MAX(x,y);
printf("Maximum number is %d ",result);
}

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