EYE

EYE BALL
• Around 1 inch in diameter, only anterior 1/6th is visible externally
• Location: lies within the bony orbit surrounded by a cushion of fat
• Shape: Aspherical(oblate spheroid)
• Dimensions:AP-2.4cm/24mm
• Vol:orbit-30ml
Eyeball-6ml
• Wt:7gm
• Layers:
Outer-Fibrous
Middle-Vascular
Inner-Nervous layer
 LAYERS OF THE EYEBALL-OUTER
FIBROUS LAYER: Composed of 2 regions of connective tissue
• The SCLERA: White and opaque forms the posterior 5/6th of layer,
Avascular
Fn: Provides shape to eyeball & forms an anchor for the
attachment of extraocular muscles
• The CORNEA:Transparent layer forms anterior 1/6th of fibrous layer
• THE LIMBUS: Junction between the sclera & the cornea. Site for
drainage of aqueous humour into veins around the limbus
 LAYERS OF THE EYEBALL-
MIDDLE VASCULAR
• Composed of choroid, ciliary body , iris
a) CHOROID: Vascular,darkly pigmented membrane which forms the
posterior 5/6th of vascular tunic
Drak colour –presence of numerous melanocytes.It prevents scattering of
light rays within the eye
Corresponds to arachnoid & pia mater layers of meninges
b) CILIARY BODY: Thickened ring shaped tissue that encircles the lens
Composed of ciliaris muscle & ciliary processes
The SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS: pass from the ciliary body to the entire
circumference of lens
Fn: production of aqueous humour & regulating the convexity of the lens
• C)THE IRIS: visible colored part of the eye, which is attached the
ciliary body
• FN: regulates the amount of light enters the eye
• THE PUPIL: round, central opening in the iris
• The iris contains Smooth muscle & Control the size of the pupil

Sphincter pupillae-Miosis
Dilator pupillae-mydriasis
INNER NERVOUS LAYER
• RETINA: Deepest tunic ,delicate nervous membrane upon which the
images of external objects are received
• Composed of 2 layer
Outer pigmented layer: single layer of melanocytes, attatched to the choroid
Inner neural layer: Contains 3 types of main neurons: Photoreceptor
cells,bipolar cells & ganglion cells
• Synapses occur within the neural layer between the processes of 3 types
of neurons.
• Photoreceptor cells:rods & cones
Rods are sensitive to light & allow vision in dim light
Cone are sensitive to bright light & enable high acuity, color vision
PARTS OF RETINA
• MACULA LUTEA: small oval pigmented area near the center of the
retina, cones are more concentrated here
FN: Best focus for seeing small details on items directly in front
FOVEA CENTRALIS: A tiny depression at the center of the macula,
known as the fovea, is the point of sharpest focus. It is highly
concentrated with only cone cells.
• Peripheral retina: Retinal tissue that extends beyond the macula.
• Nerves in the peripheral retina process peripheral vision.
• Largely made up of rod cells.
• Optic nerve: Formed by axons of the ganglion cells
• OPTIC DISC: Area where the axons exit the retina also called blind
spot (as photoreceptor cells are absent)
• ORA SERRATA: junction between the part of the retina that lines the
choroid & the parts that lines the ciliary body
BLOOD SUPPLY
• from 2 sources
• Capillaries in the choroid supply the outer 3rd of the retina
• Central artery: inner 2/3rd of the retina
The lens & suspensory ligament
• Lens is a thick , transparent, biconvex disc held in place by suspensory ligaments
• Convexity of the lens is controlled by ciliaris muscle located within the ciliary
body
• Divide the eye into anterior & posterior segments
• VITEROUS HUMOUR: clear ,jelly like substance fills the posterior segment.
FN:
• Allows transmission of light
• supports the posterior surface of the lens
• Maintain the intraocular pressure
ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF LENS
• Divided into anterior & posterior chambers
• Anterior chamber: situated between cornea & iris
• Posterior chamber: Situated between iris & the lens
Aqueous humour: fills the anterior chamber & is renewed continuously
• It supplies nutrients to the lens & cornea
• Produced by ciliary processes & absorbed by venules around the
limbus
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
• Not directly involved in vision but aid in process
• Includes eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus,Extraocular muscles
EYELIDS:
• Upper & lower eyelids or palpebrae are separated by the palpebral
fissure
• The junction of the eyelids at the either end are known as the medial
& lateral canthi
EYELASHES:
• At the margins of the eyelids
• Connective tissue plates within the eyelids called tarsal plates
• Provide some degree of rigidity to the eyelids
• Tarsal glands: Modified sebaceous glands within the tarsal plates that
open at the lid margins
MUSCLES:
• ORBICULARIS OCULI: closure of the eyelids
• LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS: Lift the upper lid
CONJUNCTIVA
• Transparent mucous membrane of stratified columnar epithelium
TYPES:
• Palpebral conjunctiva: Lines the eyelid
• Bulbar conjunctiva: covers the white of the eye but not the cornea
LACRIMAL APPARATUS: Tear production & drainage
• Tear contain mucus, antibodies & lysozyme
• Consists of lacrimal gland, lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac & nasolacrimal
duct
• LACRIMAL Gland lies in a depression in the bony orbit superolateral to the eye.It produce
tears-conjunctival sac-lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi & lacrimal sac –nasolacrimal
duct-nasal duct
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE
• Eyeball is moved by extraocular muscles
• 4 rectus muscles-superior, inferior, medial & lateral
Originates: common tendinous or annular ring, at the apex of the orbit
• Oblique muscle:2Superior & inferior
Function:
• Lateral recti-abduct
• Medial recti-adduct
• Superior rectus & inferior oblique: elevation of the eyeball
• Inferior rectus & superior oblique –depression of the eyeball
NERVE SUPPLY
• All muscles except lateral rectus & superior oblique : oculomotor
nerve
• Lateral rectus –Abducent nerve
• superior oblique-Trochlear nerve