Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

APPLICATION LAYER

Unit: 5

Communication Networks
(ACSE0502) Purnima Pal
(Assistant Professor)
B Tech (DS) 5th Sem ECE
Department

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering

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 Evaluation Scheme

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CN Unit-5
 Syllabus by University
Course Contents / Syllabus
UNIT-I Introduction 8 Hr
Goals and applications of networks, Categories of networks, Organization of the
Internet, ISP, The OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, Network devices and
components, Mode of communications
Physical Layer: Network topology design, Types of connections, LAN, MAN and
MAN Transmission media, Signal transmission and encoding, Network
performance and transmission impairments, Switching techniques and
multiplexing, IEEE standards.

UNIT-II Data Link layer 8 Hr

Framing, Error Detection and Correction, Flow control (Elementary Data Link
Protocols, Sliding Window protocols). Medium Access Control and Local Area
Networks: Channel allocation, Multiple access protocols, LAN standards, Link layer
switches & bridges.

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 Syllabus by University
Course Contents / Syllabus
UNIT-III Network Layer 8 Hr
Point-to-point networks, Logical addressing, Basic internetworking (IP, CIDR, ARP,
RARP, DHCP, ICMP), IPv4, Routing, forwarding and delivery, Static and dynamic
routing, Routing algorithms and protocols, Congestion control algorithms, IPv6.

UNIT-IV Transport Layer 8 Hr

Process-to-process delivery, Transport layer protocols (UDP and TCP), Connection
management, Flow control and retransmission, Window management, TCP
Congestion control, Quality of service.
UNIT-V Application Layer 8 Hr
Domain Name System, World Wide Web and Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
Electronic mail, File Transfer Protocol, Remote login, Network management, Data
compression, VPN, Cryptography – basic concepts, Firewalls.

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 References

• Text Books:
1. B. A. Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”, 5th
Edition, TMH, 2017.
• Reference Books:
1. S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, 4th Edition, Pearson,
2013.
2. W. Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, 8th
Edition, Pearson, 2007.

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 Branch Wise Applications
• Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications. Some uses of
fiber optic cables include:
• Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries
• Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic waves and SONAR , as wiring in aircraft, submarines and other
vehicles and also for field networking
• Data Storage
Used for data transmission
• Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes
• Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help increase the speed and
accuracy of data transmission
• Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as sensory devices to
make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as wiring in automobiles and in
industrial settings
• Broadcast/CATV
Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, video
on-demand and other applications

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CN Unit-5
 Course Objective

The objective of this course is to understand introduction of

computer networks with suitable transmission media and
different networking devices. Network protocols which are
essential for the computer network are need to explain such as
data link layer protocols and routing protocols.
A detail explanation of IP addressing , TCP/IP protocols and
application layer protocols are covered in this course.

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 Course Outcome
Outcomes
Cos
After Completion of the Course Student will be able to
Explain basic concepts, OSI reference model, services and role of each layer of
CO1 OSI model and TCP/IP, networks devices and transmission media, Analog and
digital data transmission.
CO2 Apply channel allocation, framing, error and flow control techniques and
describe the functions of Network Layer i.e. Logical addressing, subnetting &
Routing Mechanism.
CO3 Explain the different Transport Layer function i.e. Port addressing, Connection
Management, Error control and Flow control mechanism.

CO4 Explain the functions offered by session and presentation layer and their
Implementation.
CO5 Explain the different protocols used at application layer i.e. HTTP, SNMP, SMTP,
FTP,TELNET and VPN.

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 Program Outcomes

1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning

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 CO-PO Mapping

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3
CO2 3 3 2 3

CO3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3

CO4 3 2 2 2 3

CO5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

Avg. 3 2.6 2.2 0.6 1.6 0.6 0 0.4 0.8 0 0.8 3

*3= High *2= Medium *1=Low

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 CO-PSO Mapping

Course Outcome
Program Specific
Outcomes CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 C05

2 2 2 2 2
PSO1
2 2 2 2
PSO2 2

2 2 2 3 2
PSO3

AVERAGE 2 2 2 2.3 2

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 Prerequisite and Recap

• Basics of Digital communication

• Knowledge of Computer.
• Fundamental of Digital logic design

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 Brief Introduction About Subject with videos
 An introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics
like data, information to the definition of communication and computer
networks.

 The main objective of data communication and networking is to enable

seamless exchange of data between any two points in the world.

 This exchange of data takes place over a computer network.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O--rkQNKqls&list=PLbRMhDV
UMngf-peFloB7kyiA40EptH1up

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 Topic Objective and its mapping with CO

Name of Topic Objective of Topic Mapping

with CO

File Transfer Student will be able to learn about Protocol of CO5

Protocol Application Layer. .
Electronic Mail Student will be able to learn how various CO5
elements of Electronic mail (E-mail) .

Cryptography Student will be able to learn about How to CO5

make system cryptography in networking .

Network Security Student will be able to learn how to ensure CO5

security of network .

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 Prerequisite

 Basic understanding of types of Protocol of Application Layer.

 Basic knowledge of physical layer.

 Basic knowledge of data link layer.

 Network Topology Design

 Point-to-Point Protocol

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 TCP/ IP model

SCTP stands for Stream Control Transmission Protocol

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 Presentation Layer

Presentation
layer

Network
Translation Security Authentication compression
Encryption
/Decryption

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 Translation

Sender converts (translate ) the data into common format, receiver

convert common format data into its own format
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 Network Security

Objective: Study about basic concept of Network security and Cryptography and different
types of encryption algorithms

As an asset, information needs to be secured from attacks.

• To be secured, information needs to be hidden from unauthorized

access (confidentiality),

• protected from unauthorized change (integrity),

• Available to an authorized entity when it is needed (availability).

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 Attacks with relation to security goals

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 Attacks
Snooping : in a security context, is unauthorized access to another
person's or company's data.

The practice is similar to eavesdropping but is not necessarily limited to

gaining access to data during its transmission.

Traffic analysis :
Traffic analysis is the process of intercepting and examining messages
in order to deduce information from patterns in communication, which
can be performed even when the messages are encrypted.
Eg. Military Intelligence

Masquerade : means "to pretend to be someone else.“

A masquerade attack is an attack that uses a fake identity, such as a
network identity, to gain unauthorized access to personal computer
information through legitimate access identification.
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 Attacks

Replaying:
Replay attacks are the network attacks in which an attacker spies the
conversation between the sender and receiver and takes the
authenticated information e.g. sharing key and then contact to the
receiver with that key.

A repudiation attack occurs when the user denies the fact that he or she
has performed a certain action or has initiated a transaction. ... The
attacker plans to gain easy access to a computer system and gain control

(DoS )Denial of service:

In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in
which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource
unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely
disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet.
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 Network security : Encryption/ Decryption

cryptography referred only to the

encryption and decryption of
messages using secret keys, today it
is defined as involving three distinct
mechanisms:
symmetric-key encipherment,
asymmetric-key encipherment, and
hashing

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 Network security : Encryption/ Decryption
cryptography referred only to the encryption and decryption of
messages using secret keys,
Today it is defined as involving three distinct mechanisms:
symmetric-key encipherment,
asymmetric-key encipherment, and
hashing

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 Encryption/ Decryption Methods

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 TRADITIONAL CIPHERS

Ciphers: secret writing

Cryptography : process of secret writing

first goal of security is confidentiality

Confidentiality can be achieved using ciphers.

Encryption: converting original msg to cipher msg so that can not be

understand by any other. (at the sender side)

Decryption : converting cipher msg to original msg (at the receiver side)

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 General idea of traditional cipher

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 Secret key encryption/ symmetric Key

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 Symmetric-key: substitution Method

locking and unlocking with the same key

Key :+1 Key :-1

A substitution cipher replaces one symbol

Original msg: HELLO
Cypher msg: IFMMP
Key : 1

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 Symmetric-key: Transposition cipher

Plaintext Plaintext
e n emy a t t a c k s t o n i g h t z e n emy a t t a c k s t o n i g h t z

Write row by row Read row by row

e n e m y e n e m y
a t t a c a t t a c
k s t o n k s t o n
i g h t z i g h t z

E E M Y N E E M Y N
T A A C T T A A C T
T K O N S T K O N S
H I T Z G H I T Z G
Read column by column Write column by column

E T T H E AK I MAO T Y C N Z N T S G E T T H E AK I MAO T Y C N Z N T S G
Ciphertext Ciphertext
Transmission
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 Asymmetric-key
In asymmetric-key cryptography, the secret is personal (unshared); each
person creates and keeps his or her own secret.

In a community of n people, n (n - 1)/2 shared secrets are needed for

symmetric key
cryptography; only n personal secrets are needed in asymmetric-key
cryptography.
Whenever an application is based on a personal secret, we need to use
asymmetric-key cryptography.

Whereas symmetric-key cryptography is based on substitution and

permutation of
symbols (characters or bits), asymmetric-key cryptography is based on
applying mathematical functions to numbers.
Asymmetric key cryptography uses two separate keys: one private and
one public.
Asymmetric-key cryptography is normally used to encrypt or decrypt
small pieces of information.

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 Asymmetric-key

Asymmetric-key ciphers are sometimes called public-key

ciphers.
Asymmetric-key cryptography is normally used to encrypt or decrypt
small pieces of information.

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 Application Layer

Objective: Study about basic concept Application layer and its function

• The application layer is closest to the end user.

• Network applications enable users to send and receive data with ease.
• The application layer acts as interface between the applications and the
underlying network.
• Application layer protocols help
exchange data between programs
running on the source and destination
hosts.
• The TCP/IP application layer performs
the functions of the upper three layers
of the OSI model.
• Common application layer protocols
include: HTTP, FTP, TFTP, DNS.

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 Application Layer Protocols

• TCP/IP application protocols specify the format and control

information necessary for common Internet functions.
• Application layer protocols must be implemented in both the source
and destination devices.
• Application layer protocols implemented on the source and
destination host must be compatible to allow communication.

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 Application Layer services

1.Network Virtual terminal:

An application layer allows a user to log on to a remote host. The user's computer
talks to the software terminal, which in turn, talks to the host. The remote host
thinks that it is communicating with one of its own terminals, so it allows the user
to log on.

2.File Transfer, Access, and Management :

An application allows a user to access files in a remote computer, to retrieve files

from a computer and to manage files in a remote computer.

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 Application Layer services

3.Addressing:

To obtain communication between client and server, there is a need for

addressing. When a client made a request to the server, the request contains the
server address and its own address. The server response to the client request, the
request contains the destination address, i.e., client address. To achieve this kind
of addressing, DNS is used.

4.Mail Services:

An application layer provides Email forwarding and storage

5.Directory Services: An application contains a distributed database that
provides access for global information about various objects and service.

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 Client Server Model

Objective: Study about basic concept of Client Server & Peer to Peer model and it uses

• The device requesting the information is called a client.

• The device responding to the request is called a server.

• Client and server processes are considered to be in the application layer.

• The client initiates the exchange by requesting data from the server.
• The server responds by sending one or more
streams of data to the client.
• Application layer protocols describe the format
of the requests and responses between clients
and servers.
• The contents of the data exchange will depend
of the application in use.
• Email is an example of a Client-Server
interaction.

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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

• FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for

transmitting the files from one host to another. It is mainly used for
transferring the web page files from their creator to the computer
that acts as a server for other computers on the internet. It is also
used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.
• Why FTP?
Although transferring files from one system to another is very
simple and straightforward, but sometimes it can cause problems.
For example, two systems may have different file conventions. Two
systems may have different ways to represent text and data. Two
systems may have different directory structures. FTP protocol
overcomes these problems by establishing two connections between
hosts. One connection is used for data transfer, and another
connection is used for the control connection.

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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

• Mechanism of FTP

The above figure shows the basic model of the FTP. The FTP client
has three components: the user interface, control process, and data
transfer process. The server has two components: the server control
process and the server data transfer process
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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

• There are two types of connections in FTP

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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

• Control Connection: The control connection uses very simple

rules for communication. Through control connection, we can
transfer a line of command or line of response at a time. The control
connection is made between the control processes. The control
connection remains connected during the entire interactive FTP
session.
• Data Connection: The Data Connection uses very complex rules
as data types may vary. The data connection is made between data
transfer processes. The data connection opens when a command
comes for transferring the files and closes when the file is
transferred.

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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

FTP Clients
• FTP client is a program that implements a file transfer protocol
which allows you to transfer files between two hosts on the internet.
• It allows a user to connect to a remote host and upload or download
the files.
• It has a set of commands that we can use to connect to a host,
transfer the files between you and your host and close the
connection.
• The FTP program is also available as a built-in component in a Web
browser. This GUI based FTP client makes the file transfer very
easy and also does not require to remember the FTP commands

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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

Objectives of FTP
•It provides the sharing of files.
•It is used to encourage the use of remote computers.
•It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently

Advantages of FTP:
•Speed: One of the biggest advantages of FTP is speed. The FTP is one of
the fastest way to transfer the files from one computer to another
computer.
•Efficient: It is more efficient as we do not need to complete all the
operations to get the entire file.
Security: To access the FTP server, we need to login with the username
and password. Therefore, we can say that FTP is more secure

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 FTP (File transfer Protocol)(CO5)

Disadvantages of FTP:
• The standard requirement of the industry is that all the FTP
transmissions should be encrypted. However, not all the FTP
providers are equal and not all the providers offer encryption. So, we
will have to look out for the FTP providers that provide encryption.
• FTP serves two operations, i.e., to send and receive large files on a
network. However, the size limit of the file is 2GB that can be sent.
It also doesn't allow you to run simultaneous transfers to multiple
receivers.
• Passwords and file contents are sent in clear text that allows
unwanted eavesdropping. So, it is quite possible that attackers can
carry out the brute force attack by trying to guess the FTP password.
• It is not compatible with every system

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 Hypertext transfer protocol and markup language

• A web address or uniform resource locator (URL) is a reference to a web

server. A URL allows a web browser to establish a connection to that
web server.
• URLs and Uniform Resource Identifier (URIs) are the names most
people associate with web addresses.
• The URL http://google.com/index.html has three basic parts:
HTTP Protocol Step 1
• http (the protocol or scheme)
• www.gogle.com (the server name)
• index.html (the specific filename
requested)

• Using DNS, the server name

portion of the URL is then
translated to the associated IP
address before the server can be
contacted.

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 Hypertext transfer protocol and markup language
HTTP Protocol Step 2
• The browser sends a GET request
to the server’s IP address and asks
for the index.html file.
• The server sends the requested file
to the client.

• The index.html was specified in

the URL and contains the HTML
code for this web page.
HTTP Protocol Step 3
• The browser processes the HTML
code and formats the page for the
browser window based on the
code in the file.

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 Hypertext transfer protocol

• HTTP
o Is a request/response protocol.
o Has three common message types: GET, POST,
PUT.
o Is not secure. Messages can be intercepted.
• HTTPS uses authentication and
encryption to secure data.

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 WWW services and HTTP

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 Email Protocols
• Email is a store-and-forward method of sending, storing, and
retrieving electronic messages.
• Email messages are stored in databases on mail servers.
• Email clients communicate with
mail servers to send and
receive email.
• Mail servers communicate with
other mail servers to transport
messages from one domain to
another.
• Email clients do not
communicate directly when
sending email.
• Email relies on three separate
protocols
for operation:
SMTP (sending),
POP (retrieving),
IMAP (retrieving).
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 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Operation

• SMTP message formats require a message header and body.

• The body can contain any amount of text.

• The header must have a properly formatted recipient email
address and a sender address.
• An SMTP client sends an email
by connecting to a SMTP
server on port 25.
• The server receives the message and
stores it message in a local mailbox or
relays the message to another mail
server.
• Users use email clients to retrieve
messages stored on the server.
• IMAP and POP are two protocols
commonly used by email clients to
retrieve messages.

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 POP ( post office protocol) Operation

• Messages are downloaded from the server to the client.

• The server listens on port 110 TCP for client requests.
• Email clients direct their POP requests to mail servers on port TCP 110.
• The POP client and server exchange commands and responses until
the connection is closed or aborted.
• POP allows for email messages
to be downloaded to the
client’s device (computer or
phone) and removed from the
server.
• There is no centralized location
where email messages are kept.
• A downloaded message resides
on
the device that triggered the
download.
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 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Operation

• IMAP is another protocol used to retrieve email messages.

• Allows for messages to be displayed to the user rather than

downloaded.
• The original messages reside on the server until manually deleted by
the user.
• Users view copies of the messages in their email client software.
• Users can create a folder
hierarchy on the server to
organize and store mail.
• That file structure is displayed on
the email client.
• When a user decides to delete a
message, the server synchronizes
that action and deletes the message
from the server.

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 Domain name services (DNS)
• While IP addresses are crucial for network communication, they are not easy to
memorize.
• Domain names are created to make server addresses more user- friendly.
• Domain names such as http://www.google.com are user-friendly
addresses associated with the IP address of a specific server.
• However, computers still need the actual numeric address before they can
communicate.

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 Domain name services

• The DNS protocol allows for the dynamic translation of a domain name into
the correct IP address.
• The DNS protocol communications using a single format called a message.

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 Domain name services
• The user passes the host name to the file transfer client.
• The file transfer client passes the host name to the DNS client.
• Each computer, after being booted, knows the address of one DNS server.
The DNS client sends a message to a DNS server with a query that gives
the file transfer server name using the known IP address of the DNS server.
• The DNS server responds with the IP address of the desired file
transfer server. The DNS server passes the IP address to the file
transfer client.
• The file transfer client now uses the received IP address to access
the file transfer Server.

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 Domain name server (DNS)

• Stores domain name space information within its domain/sub- domain.

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 Domain name services
• DNS supports different types of records. Some of these record types
are:
o A - An end device IPv4 address
o NS - An authoritative name server
o AAAA - An end device IPv6 address (pronounced quad-A)
o MX - A mail exchange record
• DNS servers will first look at its own records to resolve the name. If the
server is unable to resolve the name using its locally stored records, it
relays the query to other servers.
• The response is then
forwarded to the requesting
client.
• The DNS Client service on
Windows PCs also stores
previously resolved names in
memory.
• ipconfig /displaydns displays all
of the cached DNS entries on
Windows.
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 DNS Hierarchy

• The DNS protocol uses a hierarchical system, with the root at the top
and branches below. The naming structure is broken down into
small, manageable zones.
• Each DNS server is only responsible for managing name-to-IP mappings
for that small portion of the DNS structure.
• Requests for zones not stored in a specific DNS server are forwarded to
other servers for translation.
• Top-level domains represent either the
type of domain or the country of origin.
Examples of top-level domains are:
o .com - a business or industry
o .org - a non-profit organization
o .au - Australia
o .co - Colombia

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 Working of DNS

1. DNS is a client/server network communication protocol. DNS clients send

requests to the server while DNS servers send responses to the client.

2. Client requests contain a name which is converted into an IP address known

as a forward DNS lookups while requests containing an IP address which is
converted into a name known as reverse DNS lookups.

3. DNS implements a distributed database to store the name of all the hosts
available on the internet.

4. If a client like a web browser sends a request containing a hostname, then a

piece of software such as DNS resolver sends a request to the DNS server to
obtain the IP address of a hostname. If DNS server does not contain the IP
address associated with a hostname, then it forwards the request to another
DNS server. If IP address has arrived at the resolver, which in turn completes the
request over the internet protocol.

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 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Computers need network addresses to communicate over a network.

• Additional crucial information includes gateway address, subnet
mask, and DNS server.
• Manually configuring end devices is not scalable. DHCP allows for
automated distribution of network information.
• DHCP-distributed addresses are
leased for a set period of time.
• Addresses are returned to the
pool for reuse when no longer in
use.
• DHCP supports IPv4 and DHCPv6
supports IPv6.

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 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Operation

• A DHCP client goes through the following basic steps to request an IP:
o The client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER.
o A DHCP server replies with a DHCPOFFER message
o The client sends a DHCPREQUEST message to the server it wants to
use (in case of multiple offers).
• A client may also choose to request an address that it had
previously been allocated by the server.
• The server returns a DHCPACK
message to confirm the lease has
been finalized.

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 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Operation

• The server would respond with a DHCPNAK if the offer is no longer

valid
• Leases must be renewed before its expiration through
another DHCPREQUEST.
• DHCPv6 has a similar set of messages:
o SOLICIT
o ADVERTISE
o INFORMATION REQUEST
o REPLY

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 File transfer Protocol(FTP)

• FTP was developed to allow the transfer of files over the network.
• An FTP client is an application that runs on a client computer used
to push and pull data from an FTP server.
• FTP requires two connections between the client and the server:
one connection for commands and replies and another connection
for the actual file transfer.
• The client initiates and establishes the
first connection to the server for
control traffic on TCP port 21.
• The client then establishes the second
connection to the server for the
actual data transfer on TCP port 20.
• The client can download (pull) data
from
the server or upload (push) data to
the server.

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 Telnet

• Developed in the early 1970’s – among the oldest of the application layer
protocols and services in the TCP/IP protocol suite.
• Allows users to follow text-based terminal devices over the network using
software.
• A connection is known as a ‘virtual terminal (vty)’ session.
• Can be run from the command prompt on a PC.
• You can use the device as if you were sitting there with all the rights and
priorities that you username will offer you.
• TELNET requires a login name and password, it is vulnerable to hacking
because it sends all data including the password in plaintext (not encrypted).
A hacker can eavesdrop and obtain the logging name and password.
Because of this security issue, the use of TELNET has diminished in favor
of another protocol, Secure Shell (SSH).

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 Telnet

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 Daily Quiz

1. Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream
before passing it to ____________
a) network layer
b) data link layer
c) application layer
d) physical layer

2. Which of the following are transport layer protocols used in networking?

a) TCP and FTP
b) UDP and HTTP
c) TCP and UDP
d) HTTP and FTP

3. User datagram protocol is called connectionless because _____________

a) all UDP packets are treated independently by transport layer
b) it sends data as a stream of related packets
c) it is received in the same order as sent order
d) it sends data very quickly

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 66
 Daily Quiz

4. Transmission control protocol ___________

a) is a connection-oriented protocol
b) uses a three way handshake to establish a connection
c) receives data from application as a single stream
d) all of the mentioned

5. Transport layer protocols deals with ____________

a) application to application communication
b) process to process communication
c) node to node communication
d) man to man communication

6. Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream before
passing it to:
A. network layer
B. data link layer
C. application layer
D. physical layer

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 67
 Weekly Assignment

1. Explain the main idea of UDP.

2. Define TCP.

3. Advantage and disadvantage of FTP.

4. Define FTP protocols.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 68
 Recap

 The Data Connection uses very complex rules as data types may
vary.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 69
 Topic Links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdHFk39GEZ0

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 70
 E-Mail (CO5)

• Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode

over the internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of
distributing information among people.
E-Mail Address:
• Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This
name is known as E-mail address. Different users can send and receive
messages according to the e-mail address. E-Mail is generally of the form
username@domainname. For example, [email protected] is
an email address where webmaster is username and tutorialspoint is
domain name.
• E-mail is the username and the domain name are separated by @
(at) symbol.
• E-mail addresses are not case sensitive.
• Spaces are not allowed in e-mail address.
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 71
 E-Mail(CO5)

• E-mail Message Components : E-mail message comprises of

different components: E-mail Header, Greeting, Text, and Signature.
These components are described in the following diagram:

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 72
 E-Mail(CO5)

• E-mail Header
The first five lines of an E-mail message is called E-mail header. The
header part comprises of following fields:
From
Date
To
Subject
CC
BCC

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 73
 E-Mail(CO5)

Advantages: E-mail has proved to be powerful and reliable medium of

communication. Here are the benefits of E-mail:
• Reliable: Many of the mail systems notify the sender if e-mail
message was undeliverable
• Convenience: There is no requirement of stationary and stamps. One
does not have to go to post office. But all these things are not required
for sending or receiving an mail.
• Speed: E-mail is very fast. However, the speed also depends upon the
underlying network
• Inexpensive: The cost of sending e-mail is very low.
• Printable: It is easy to obtain a hardcopy of an e-mail. Also an
electronic copy of an e-mail can also be saved for records.
• Global: E-mail can be sent and received by a person sitting across the
globe.
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 74
 E-Mail(CO5)

Disadvantages : Apart from several benefits of E-mail, there

also exists some disadvantages as discussed below:
• Forgery: E-mail doesn’t prevent from forgery, that is, someone
impersonating the sender, since sender is usually not
authenticated in any way.
• Overload: Convenience of E-mail may result in a flood of mail.
• Misdirection: It is possible that you may send e-mail to an
unintended recipient.
• Junk: Junk emails are undesirable and inappropriate emails.
Junk emails are sometimes referred to as spam.
• No Response: It may be frustrating when the recipient does not
read the e-mail and respond on a regular basis
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 75
 E-Mail protocols(CO5)

IMAP: IMAP stands for Internet Mail Access Protocol. It was first
proposed in 1986. There exist five versions of IMAP as follows:
• Original IMAP
• IMAP2
• IMAP3
• IMAP2bis
• IMAP4
Key Points:
• IMAP allows the client program to manipulate the e-mail message
on the server without downloading them on the local computer.
• The e-mail is hold and maintained by the remote server.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 76
 E-Mail protocols(CO5)

POP:
• POP stands for Post Office Protocol. It is generally used to support a
single client. There are several versions of POP but the POP 3 is the
current standard.
Key Points
• POP is an application layer internet standard protocol.
• Since POP supports offline access to the messages, thus requires less
internet usage time.
• POP does not allow search facility.
• In order to access the messaged, it is necessary to download them.
• It allows only one mailbox to be created on server.
• It is not suitable for accessing non mail data
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 77
 E-mail System(CO5)

• E-mail system comprises of the following three components:

• Mailer: It is also called mail program, mail application or mail
client. It allows us to manage, read and compose e-mail.
• Mail Server: The function of mail server is to receive, store and
deliver the email. It is must for mail servers to be running all the
time because if it crashes or is down, email can be lost.
• Mailboxes: Mailbox is generally a folder that contains emails and
information about them.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 78
 Working of E-mail(CO5)

Email working follows the client server approach. In this client is the
mailer i.e. the mail application or mail program and server is a device
that manages emails.
Following example will take you through the basic steps involved in
sending and receiving emails and will give you a better understanding
of working of email system:
• Suppose person A wants to send an email message to person B.
• Person A composes the messages using a mailer program i.e. mail
client and then select Send option.
• The message is routed to Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to person B’s
mail server.
• The mail server stores the email message on disk in an area
designated for person B.
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 79
 Daily Quiz
• Which is not a application layer protocol?
a) HTTP
b) SMTP
c) FTP
d) TCP
• The packet of information at the application layer is called
__________
a) Packet
b) Message
c) Segment
d) Frame
• E-mail is _________
a) Loss-tolerant application
b) Bandwidth-sensitive application
c) Elastic application
d) None of the mentioned
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 80
 Daily Quiz
• Application layer offers _______ service.
a) End to end
b) Process to process
c) Both End to end and Process to process
d) None of the mentioned
• Which of the following is an application layer service?
a) Network virtual terminal
b) File transfer, access, and management
c) Mail service
d) All of the mentioned
• Electronic mail uses which Application layer protocol?
a) SMTP
b) HTTP
c) FTP
d) SIP

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 81
 Weekly Assignment

1. Discuss the TCP connections needed in FTP.

2. Write short note on IP Data Gram.

3. What is the difference between a user agent (UA) and a mail transfer
agent? (MTA)?

4. Why is an application such as POP needed for electronic messaging?

5. What do you understand by ATM? Explain cell header format in ATM

and briefly describe the four services classes of ATM.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 82
 Recap

• We learn about Application Layer and protocol working on this

layer .
• In this we learn about File transfer protocol.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 83
 Topic Links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nP-p4R5Y55I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jKGSthvIjY

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 84
 TRADITIONAL CIPHERS

Ciphers: secret writing

Cryptography : process of secret writing

first goal of security is confidentiality

Confidentiality can be achieved using ciphers.

Encryption: converting original msg to cipher msg so that can not be

understand by any other. (at the sender side)

Decryption : converting cipher msg to original msg (at the receiver side)

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 85
 General idea of traditional cipher

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 86
 Secret key encryption/ symmetric Key

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 87
 Symmetric-key: substitution Method

locking and unlocking with the same key

Key :+1 Key :-1

A substitution cipher replaces one symbol

Original msg: HELLO
Cypher msg: IFMMP
Key : 1

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 88
 Symmetric-key: Transposition cipher

Plaintext Plaintext
e n emy a t t a c k s t o n i g h t z e n emy a t t a c k s t o n i g h t z

Write row by row Read row by row

e n e m y e n e m y
a t t a c a t t a c
k s t o n k s t o n
i g h t z i g h t z

E E M Y N E E M Y N
T A A C T T A A C T
T K O N S T K O N S
H I T Z G H I T Z G
Read column by column Write column by column

E T T H E AK I MAO T Y C N Z N T S G E T T H E AK I MAO T Y C N Z N T S G
Ciphertext Ciphertext
Transmission
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 89
 Cryptography(CO5)

• Computer data often travels from one computer to another, leaving

the safety of its protected physical surroundings. Once the data is
out of hand, people with bad intention could modify or forge your
data, either for amusement or for their own benefit.
• Cryptography can reformat and transform our data, making it safer
on its trip between computers. The technology is based on the
essentials of secret codes, augmented by modern mathematics that
protects our data in powerful ways.
Cryptographic systems are generally classified along 3 independent
dimensions:
• Type of operations used for transforming plain text to cipher text
• The number of keys used
• Cryptanalysis:
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 90
 Cryptography(CO5)

• Type of operations used for transforming plain text to cipher text:

All the encryption algorithms are based on two general principles:
substitution, in which each element in the plaintext is mapped into another
element, and transposition, in which elements in the plaintext are rearranged.
• The number of keys used: If the sender and receiver uses same key then
it is said to be symmetric key (or) single key (or) conventional encryption. If
the sender and receiver use different keys then it is said to be public key
encryption. The way in which the plain text is processed

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 91
 Cryptography(CO5)

Cryptanalysis:
• The process of attempting to discover X or K or both is known as
cryptanalysis. The strategy used by the cryptanalysis depends on
the nature of the encryption scheme and the information available
to the cryptanalyst. There are various types of cryptanalytic attacks
based on the amount of information known to the cryptanalyst.
Cryptographic Attacks
• Passive Attacks
• Active attacks

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 92
 Cryptography(CO5)

• Symmetric Cryptography
Symmetric encryption is a technique which allows the use of only
one key for performing both the encryption and the decryption of
the message shared over the internet. It is also known as the
conventional method used for encryption.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 93
 Cryptography(CO5)

• DES (Data Encryption Standard)

Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric key block
cipher that was adopted by National Institute of Standard and
Technology in the year 1977. DES is based on the Feistel
structure where the plaintext is divided into two halves. DES takes
input as 64-bit plain text and 56-bit key to produce 64-bit
Ciphertext.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 94
 Cryptography(CO5)

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard):

• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is also a symmetric key block
cipher. AES was published in 2001 by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology. AES was introduced to replace DES as
DES uses very small cipher key and the algorithm was quite slower.
• AES algorithm takes 128-bit plaintext and 128-bit secret key which
together forms a 128-bit block which is depicted as 4 X 4 square
matrix. This 4 X 4 square matrix undergoes an initial
transformation.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 95
 Cryptography(CO5)

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 96
 Cryptography(CO5)

• Asymmetric Cryptography:
Asymmetric encryption is an encryption technique that uses a pair of
key (private key and public key) for encryption and decryption.
Asymmetric encryption uses the public key for the encryption of the
message and the private key for the decryption of the message. The
public key is freely available to anyone who is interested in sending
the message.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 97
 Daily Quiz
• Transport services available to applications in one or another form _________
a) Reliable data transfer
b) Timing
c) Security
d) All of the mentioned

• We use cryptography term to transforming message to make them:

a) Secure and immune to change
b) Secure and immune to idle
c) Secure and immune to attacks
d) Secure and immune to defend

• The number of objects in a Web page which consists of 4 jpeg images and HTML text
is ________
a) 4
b) 1
c) 5
d) 7

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 98
 Daily Quiz
• The time taken by a packet to travel from client to server and then back to the client is
called __________
a) STT
b) RTT
c) PTT
d) JTT

• The first line of HTTP request message is called _____________

a) Request line
b) Header line
c) Status line
d) Entity line

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 99
 Weekly Assignment

1. What is Cryptography? Differentiate between symmetric key

cryptography and asymmetric key cryptography
2. What is plaintext or clear text?
3. How does the encryption process actually take place?
4. What are the origins of cryptography?
5. What is the goal of cryptography?

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 100

 Recap

• Email and how it used.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 101

 Topic Links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4KoiJmr8gE

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnoWCK82apU

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 102

 Network Security(CO5)

• What is Network Security?

Network security is the process of taking preventative measures to
protect the underlying networking infrastructure from unauthorized
access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction or improper
disclosure. The Internet has undoubtedly become a huge part of our
lives. Many people in today’s generation rely on the Internet for
many of their professional, social and personal activities.
There are many people who attempt to damage our Internet-
connected computers, violate our privacy and make it
impossible to the Internet services. Given the frequency and variety
of existing attacks as well as the threat of new and more destructive
future attacks, network security has become a central topic in the
field of cyber security.
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 103
 Network Security(CO5)

• What is network security attack?

A network attack can be defined as any method, process, or means
used to maliciously attempt to compromise network
security. Network security is the process of preventing network
attacks across a given network infrastructure, but the techniques and
methods used by the attacker further distinguish whether the attack
is an active cyber attack, a passive type attack, or some combination
of the two.
• Let’s consider a simple network attack example to understand the
difference between active and passive attack

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 104

 Network Security(CO5)

• Active Attacks
An active attack is a network exploit in which attacker attempts to
make changes to data on the target or data en route to the target.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 105

 Network Security(CO5)

• Passive Attacks
A passive attack is a network attack in which a system is monitored
and sometimes scanned for open ports and vulnerabilities, but does
not affect system resources.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 106

 Daily Quiz
• The ____________ translates internet domain and host names to IP
address.
a) domain name system
b) routing information protocol
c) network time protocol
d) internet relay chat
• Which one of the following allows a user at one site to establish a connection
to another site and then pass keystrokes from local host to remote host?
a) HTTP
b) FTP
c) Telnet
d) TCP
• Application layer protocol defines ____________
a) types of messages exchanged
b) message format, syntax and semantics
c) rules for when and how processes send and respond to messages
d) all of the mentioned
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 107
 Weekly Assignment

1. What is Cryptography? Differentiate between symmetric key

cryptography and asymmetric key cryptography
2. What is plaintext or clear text?
3. How does the encryption process actually take place?
4. What are the origins of cryptography?
5. What is the goal of cryptography?

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 108

 Recap

• Cryptography and Network security.

• Learn about congestion control in Networking system .

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 109

 Topic Links

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4KoiJmr8gE

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnoWCK82apU

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 110

 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online
Courses Details

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCy_KUfhBbw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTPbiedSGMw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4KoiJmr8gE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnoWCK82apU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdHFk39GEZ0

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 111

 Weekly Assignment 1

• Explain Application layer protocols .

• Write short on Network security and how we secure network ?
• Write short note on Cryptography.
• What is Electronic Mail and what is the part of a E-mail.
• Briefly Explain the issue involved in using ATM technology in
LAN’s.
• Explain concept of traffic shaping ?

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 112

 Weekly Assignment 2

1. What is Cryptography? Differentiate between symmetric key

cryptography and asymmetric key cryptography
2. What is plaintext or clear text?
3. How does the encryption process actually take place?
4. What are the origins of cryptography?
5. What is the goal of cryptography?

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 113

 MCQs
• Which one of the following protocol delivers/stores mail to receiver
server?
a) simple mail transfer protocol
b) post office protocol
c) internet mail access protocol
d) hypertext transfer protocol
• Which one of the following is an internet standard protocol for managing
devices on IP network?
a) dynamic host configuration protocol
b) simple network management protocol
c) internet message access protocol
d) media gateway protocol
• When displaying a web page, the application layer uses the
_____________
a) HTTP protocol
b) FTP protocol
c) SMTP protocol
d) TCP protocol
12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 114
 MCQs

• The best example for interoperability at the application layer is?

a) Data
b) Net
c) File
d) Web
• How many protocols are used in the application layer?
a) 15
b) 10
c) More than 15
d) More than 10
• Application layer is the ending of the data layer.
a) True
b) False

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 115

 MCQs

• The ____________ translates internet domain and host names to IP

address.
a) domain name system
b) routing information protocol
c) network time protocol
d) internet relay chat
• Which one of the following allows a user at one site to establish a
connection to another site and then pass keystrokes from local host
to remote host?
a) HTTP
b) FTP
c) Telnet
d) TCP

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 116

 MCQs

• Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream
before passing it to ____________
a) network layer
b) data link layer
c) application layer
d) physical layer

• Which of the following are transport layer protocols used in networking?

a) TCP and FTP
b) UDP and HTTP
c) TCP and UDP
d) HTTP and FTP

• User datagram protocol is called connectionless because _____________

a) all UDP packets are treated independently by transport layer
b) it sends data as a stream of related packets
c) it is received in the same order as sent order
d) it sends data very quickly

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 117

 MCQs

• Transmission control protocol ___________

a) is a connection-oriented protocol
b) uses a three way handshake to establish a connection
c) receives data from application as a single stream
d) all of the mentioned

• Transport layer protocols deals with ____________

a) application to application communication
b) process to process communication
c) node to node communication
d) man to man communication

• Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single stream before
passing it to:
a). network layer
b) data link layer
c) application layer
d) physical layer

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 118

 Glossary Questions
Choose most appropriate
(TCP and UDP, Ten, Network layer, five, Process to process
communication)

• Transport layer protocols deals with ____________

• ____________ transport layer protocols used in networking.

• Transport layer aggregates data from different applications into a single

stream before passing it to ____________

• The number of objects in a Web page which consists of 4 jpeg images and
HTML text is ________

• ________ protocols used in application layer.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 119

 Old Question Papers

• DCN previous year paper\DATA-COMMUNICATION-NETWORKS-NEC

-702BEEC-702.pdf
• DCN previous year paper\DATA-COMMUNICATION-NETWORKS-NEC
-702B.pdf
• DCN previous year paper\DATA-COMMUNICATION-NETWORK-REC-7
01.pdf

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 120

 Expected Questions for University Exam

• What is FTP protocol and how different from SMTP protocol.

• What is Email?
• Write short notes on
a)Cryptography
b)Network security
• What is Congestion control .
• Discuss Application layer and importance of in OSI model.

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 121

 References

• 1. Computer Networking- A Top-Down approach, 5th edition,

Kurose and Ross, Pearson
• 2. Computer Networks- A Top-Down approach, Behrouz Forouzan,
McGraw Hill
• 3. Computer Networks (4th edition), Andrew Tanenbaum, Prentice
Hall
• 4. Computer Networking and the Internet (5th edition),Fred
Halsall, Addison Wesley

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 122

 Recap of Unit

•We learn about Application Layer and protocol working on this

layer .
•In this we learn about File transfer protocol.
•Email and how it used
•Cryptography and Network security.
•Learn about congestion control in Networking system .

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 123

 THANK YOU
WISH YOU ALL THE VERY BEST

12/17/2024 CN Unit-5 124