INTERSECTION

Engr. NASIM AYUB

Lecturer CED
UET Peshawar Campus III Bannu
INTERSECTION :-
 Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads.
 This area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different
directions to reach their desired destinations.
 Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective
directions.
 The intersection are the main source of traffic accidents and
traffic delays , especially in urban areas .
 These are points of traffic hazard which effect safety ,
speed , capacity , and cost of operation of the whole road
 Therefore road intersection should be carefully
designed to avoid the above problems. The study of
intersections very important for the traffic engineers
especially in the case of urban scenario
Point of Conflict :-
These are the points at which two
vehicles can meet during their passage through the
intersection
Area of Conflict :-
It is the whole area having all the
possible points of conflict
PURPOSE :-
 Providing maximum safety by decreasing the
number of conflict
 To prevent traffic delays
TYPES OF INTERSECTION :-
 Intersection at grades or level
 Grade separated intersection
Intersection at grades or level :-
These include all roads(two or more) which meet at the
same grade. In this case all approaching or converging road
meet at one level. Most highway intersect at grade which
make the intersection area a part of both roads.
Basic Requirements :-
1. The area of conflict should be as small as possible
2. The relative speed and the angle of approach of vehicles should
be small.
3. Adequate visibility should be available for vehicle at exit and
entry points
4. Sudden change of path should be avoided
5. Geometric features like turning radius and width of pavement
should be adequately provided
6. Proper Control devices should be provided on the roads
approaching intersection to warn the drivers
7. Good lighting at night is desirable
8. Separate provisions must be provided for the safe passage of
pedestrians and cyclists.
TYPES OF INTERSECTION AT GRADE OR LEVEL :-
Classified as:

 UNCHANNELIZED INTERSECTION
 CHANNELIZED INTERSECTION
 ROTARY INTERSECTIONS
UNCHANNELIZED INTERSECTION :-
In Unchannelized Intersection,
there is no channelization and the whole area is paved. There is no
restriction to vehicle to use any point of intersection area. there are
more conflict and chance of accidents are more. Easiest in design.
The traffic on plain intersections are controlled by signals or traffic
police.
Sub Types of Unchannelized Intersections
a) Plane Intersection
No additional pavement width for turning
movement is provided

b) Flared Intersection
The pavement is widened at the intersection area,
by a traffic lane or more
 TEE
 CROSS
 STAGGERED
 SKEWED
 SKEWED CROSS
 SCISSOR
 SKEWED STAGGERED
 WYE
 MULTIWAY
 FLARED X
 FLARED TEE
 T intersection

 Cross

 Staggered

 Skewed
 Skewed cross
 Skewed staggered
 Wye
 Multiple
CHANNELIZED INTERSECTION :-

 Channelized intersection is achieved by introducing islands

into intersection area thus reducing total conflict area
 Direction of traffic flow at intersections to definite paths by
means of traffic markings, islands or other means
 Islands helps to channelize turning traffic, control speed
and angle of approach and to decrease conflict area at
intersection.
1. Vehicles confined to a definite path
2. Separation of conflicts
3. Control of speed
4. Protection of traffic for vehicles leaving or
crossing the main traffic stream
5. Drivers can be forced to merge into moving traffic
stream at flat angles (10*-15*) and proper speed
6. Blockage of prohibited movements/Turns
7. Provide protected Location for a traffic control
devices
ROTARY INTERSECTIONS OR ROUND ABOUTS :-
It is an
enlarged round intersection where all converging
vehicles are forced to move around a large
central island in one direction before they are
weaved out of the traffic flow to their respective
direction.
ADVANTAGES
1. The vehicles can cross without any stoppage
2. The change of conflict is reduced by reducing
conflict area
3. There is no need of intersection signals
DISADVANTAGES
The only disadvantage of rotary intersection is that
a large area is required which is not always possibly
available
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(B) GRADE SEPERATED INTERSECTION :-
 Grade separated intersections allows the traffic to cross at
different vertical levels.
 Sometimes the topography itself may be helpful in constructing
such intersections.
 Otherwise, the initial construction cost required will be very
high. Therefore, they are usually constructed on high speed
facilities like expressways, freeways etc.
 These type of intersection increases the road capacity because
vehicles can flow with high speed and accident potential is also
reduced due to vertical separation of traffic.
 In this kind of Intersections , grade is achieved by constructing
over-bridges or underpass.
ADVANTAGES :-
1. The capacity of intersections increased to that of roads
2. Safety on turning right or left of main highway
3. Vehicles can travel at uniform speed
4. The chance of accidents is decrease
5. There is overall increase in comfort and convenience of
road users
6. Aesthetic preference to main traffic
DISADVANTAGES :-
1. High initial and maintenance cost
2. Avery huge area is required
3. Grade separation in plain area is difficult to obtained
GRADE SEPERATED INTERSECTION
GRADE SEPERATED INTERSECTION
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES :-
Traffic control
devices shall be defined as all signs, signals,
markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn,
or guide traffic, placed on, over, or adjacent to a
street, highway, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by
authority of a public agency
 Traffic signs are “any object or device (whether fixed or
portable) for conveying to traffic on road, warnings,
information, requirements, restrictions or prohibitions of
any description specified by regulations"
 The general principle of traffic signs is to make a message
known quickly, accurately, with minimum reading skills
required
 This should allow traffic to meet the goal of the
HTS(Highway Transportation System) Safe, rapid, and
efficient transportation
 Signs should contain only essential information and their
significance should be clear at a glance so that the driver's
attention is not distracted from" driving"
 There are three functional classes of traffic
signs, namely

 Regulatory,
 Warning
 Guide / Informatory Signs.
Regulatory signs give road users notice of traffic
laws and regulations. Such signs designate right-of-
way, indicate speed controls, control movements,
regulate parking and control/manage traffic in
various other ways. This includes Do not enter
sign , one way, no passing, no left or U turn, no
overtaking etc. These are combinations of white,
black and/or red.
 Red

White

80
Black

Maximum Speed Limit No Overtaking

 Warning signs are information to warn drivers of hazards they
are about to encounter.
 There are messages to help drivers understand these hazards.
 These are generally provided near dangerous bends, schools,
pedestrian crossings, converging lanes etc.
 Warning signs are distinguished by an equilateral triangle
with a red border encircling a black symbol - usually a
pictogram of the potential hazard - superimposed on a white
background.
 Red

White

Black

Hump Ridge Right Bend Ahead

Guide / Informatory signs
Guide / Informatory signs
indicate route designations, directions, distances,
points of interest etc ; in short, they help the user
along the way
 Traffic signals are generally provided at road intersections
and other danger spots
 They offer a cost effective solution to all traffic problems at
these locations by directing or warning Road users
 In addition, they also serve the following useful functions:
 Provide for orderly movement of traffic.
 Increase the traffic handling capacity of intersections.
 Reduce the frequency of certain types of accidents.
 Coordinate traffic under conditions of favorable signal spacing
(timing), so that it flows continuously and at definite speeds
 Control traffic lane use
 Interrupt traffic for passage to emergency vehicles such as
ambulances, fire fighting vehicles, etc
 In Pakistan, signals for vehicular control are classed as
“pretimed" where specific time intervals are allocated to the
various traffic movements.
 Modern traffic signals for intersection control operate on
electricity. Individual units must have separate red, amber and
green lenses, 8 to 12" in diameter, each illuminated by its own
light source.
Red

Amber

Green
 Pavement/Road markings, like signs and signals, are designed
to move traffic safely, rapidly, and efficiently
 Markings therefore, should communicate a simple, clear
message for all highway users
 The essential purpose of road markings is to guide and
control traffic on a highway.
 Various types of road markings like longitudinal markings,
transverse markings, object markings and special markings to
warn the driver about the hazardous locations in the road etc
The Road markings are classified as
 longitudinal markings,
 transverse markings,
 Object markings,
 word messages,
 marking for parking,
 marking at hazardous locations etc
Longitudinal markings :-
Longitudinal markings are
placed along the direction of traffic on the roadway
surface, for the purpose of indicating to the driver,
his proper position on the roadway.
Longitudinal markings :-
 Longitudinal markings are provided for separating traffic flow in the same direction and the
predominant color used is white.
 Yellow color is used to separate the traffic flow in opposite direction and also to separate the
pavement edges.
 The lines can be either broken, solid or double solid. Broken lines are permissive in
character and allows crossing with discretion, if traffic situation permits.
 Solid lines are restrictive in character and does not allow crossing except for entry or exit
from a side road or premises or to avoid a stationary obstruction
 Centre line separates the opposing streams of traffic and facilitates their movements. Usually
no centre line is provided for roads having width less than 5 m and for roads having more
than four lanes.
 The centre line may be marked with either single broken line, single solid line, double
broken line, or double solid line depending upon the road and traffic requirements.
 On urban roads with less than four lanes, the centre line may be single
 broken line segments of 3 m long and 150 mm wide.
 The broken lines are placed with 4.5 m gaps
 On curves and near intersections, gap shall be reduced to 3 meters. On undivided urban
roads with at least two traffic lanes in each direction, the centre line marking may be a single
solid line of 150 mm wide
Transverse markings :-

 Transverse markings are marked across the

direction of traffic. They are marked at intersections
etc
 Stop line markings, markings for pedestrian
crossing, direction arrows, etc. are some of the
markings on approaches to intersections
Directional arrows
Word messages :-
Information to guide, regulate, or
warn the road user may also be conveyed by
inscription of word message on road surface. Some
of the examples of word messages are STOP,
SLOW, SCHOOL, RIGHT TUN ONLY etc
Objects adjacent to carriageway :-
The obstructions within the carriageway such as
traffic islands, raised medians, etc. may be marked
by not less than five alternate black and yellow
stripes
Thank you