Organisation of Data

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Intro

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Classification Of Data
• The process of arranging data according to their characteristics
is known as classification of data.
• Objectives
• To simplify the complex data
• To facilitate comparison
• To make analysis and interpretation easy
• To study the cause-and-effect relationship.

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Classification Of Data: Types
• 1. Geographical classification: Data is classified according to geographical
location or region. E.g. Population of different states.
• 2. Chronological classification: Data is classified on the basis of time. E.g.
Production of a firm for different years.
• 3. Qualitative classification: Data is classified on the basis of certain
characteristics or attributes which cannot be quantified. E.g. Religion, caste,
honesty
• 4. Quantitative classification: Classification is done on the basis of numerical
values of the facts. (data which can be numerically measured) E.g. Height,
weight, income, sales etc
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Other Terms
• VARIABLE
• A variable refers to that quantity which is subject to changes
and which can be measured by some unit.
• E.g. Price is a variable as prices of different commodities is
different.
• A variable may be either discrete or continuous.

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Other Terms
• FREQUENCY: Number of times a given value appears in a
distribution. Eg., 4 students have got 65 marks in subject
Economics, here frequency is 4
• FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: A table in which the frequencies
and the associated values of a variable are written side by side,
is known as a frequency distribution.

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Other Terms
• RAW DATA: The data obtained in the original form is called raw
data.
• Raw data are classified in the form of series.
• The arrangement of classified data in a logical order, such as
size or time of occurrence, or according to some measurable or
non-measurable characteristics, is known Statistical Series.

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Other Terms
• INDIVIDUAL SERIES: The series in which the items are listed singly is known as
Individual Series. In simple terms, a separate value of the measurement is given
to each item series. The two types of individual series are Unorganised
Individual Series and Organised Individual Series.
• Unorganised Individual Series: A series with raw data or an unarranged mass
of data is known as Unorganised Series. E.g., Marks obtained by 10 students in a
class in Economic- 21, 30, 42, 35, 45, 19, 28, 36, 44, 27
• Organised Individual Series: A series with orderly arranged raw data is known
as Organised Individual Series. E.g. Mark distribution of 25 students as per serial
number.
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Other Terms
• DISCRETE SERIES (UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION):
• A discrete series is that series where individual values differ from each
other by definite amount.
• In such series there are no class intervals, and a particular item in the
series is numbered rather than measured with some range.
• For example: Marks of 25 students in Economics (out of 25 marks)
• 16, 13, 15, 14, 14, 17, 16, 15, 17, 16, 15, 16, 17, 14, 17, 15, 16, 13, 16, 17,
17, 14, 16, 15, 16

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DISCRETE SERIES (UNGROUPED
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION):

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CONTINUOUS SERIES (GROUPED
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION)
• A continuous series is that series which represents continuous
variables, showing range of variables of different items of the
series.

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Other Terms
• Discrete Variable: A variable is called discrete if the variable can take only
some particular values or jumps in complete number.
• Continuous Variable: A variable is called continuous if it can take any value in
a given range. In constructing continuous series, we come across terms like:
• Class: A group of numbers in which items are placed such as 0-10, 10-20 etc.
• Class limit: The lowest and highest values of the variables within a class is
called class limit. E.g., 0-10, lower limit 0, upper limit 10
• Class interval: Difference between upper limit and lower limit of the class. E.g.,
0-10, CI = 10-0=10

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Other Terms
• Range: Difference between the lower limit of first class and upper limit
of the last class.
• E.g., If classes are 0-10, 10-20, 20-30………till 70-80, then range is 80-0=80
• Mid-point or Mid Value:
• E.g., midpoint of class 10-20 will be 10+20/2 = 30/2 =15
• Types of continuous series
• 1.Exclusive series
• 2. Inclusive series
• 3. Open end distribution
• 4. Cumulative frequency series
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Other Terms

Manesh India
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Other Terms

Manesh India
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Other Terms

Manesh India
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Other Terms

Manesh India
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Other Terms

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Other Terms
• Bivariate Frequency Distribution
• Frequency distributions involving single variable only. Such
frequency distributions are called univariate frequency
distributions.
• A frequency table where two variables have been measured in
the same set of items through cross classification is known as
‘bivariate frequency distribution’ or ‘two-way frequency
distribution’.

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Problems: 1
• Analysis the following case study table carefully and answer
the questions on the basis of same.
• a) Which class of marks has maximum frequency?
• b) The above series is an example of ______
(exclusive/inclusive) series.
• c) How many students got 45-50 marks?
• d) The above situation shows which of the following types of
presentation of data?
(i) Chronological classification (ii) Spatial classification
(iii) Quantitative classification (iv) Qualitative classification
• e) What are the class limits of the 5th class?
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Problems: 1 Ans
• Analysis the following case study table carefully and answer the
questions on the basis of same.
• a) Which class of marks has maximum frequency? 35-40
• b) The above series is an example of ______
(exclusive/inclusive) series.
• c) How many students got 45-50 marks? 2
• d) The above situation shows which of the following types of
presentation of data?
(i) Chronological classification (ii) Spatial classification
(iii) Quantitative classification (iv) Qualitative classification
• e) What are the class limits of the 5th class? Lower – 25, Upper -
30
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Problems: 2
• The marks obtained by 25 students in
statistics in a class are as follows:
Prepare a frequency distribution by
inclusive method.
22 28 30 32 35 37 40 41 43 44 45 45 48 49
52 53 54 56 56 58 60 62 65 68 69

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Problems: 2 Ans
• The marks obtained by 25 students in
statistics in a class are as follows:
Prepare a frequency distribution by
inclusive method.
22 28 30 32 35 37 40 41 43 44 45 45 48 49
52 53 54 56 56 58 60 62 65 68 69

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Problems: 3
• Convert the following 'more than'
cumulative frequency distribution into a
'less than' cumulative frequency
distribution.

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Problems: 3 Ans
• Convert the following 'more than' cumulative
frequency distribution into a 'less than'
From the above distribution, we can make
cumulative frequency distribution. the 'less than' cumulative frequency
distribution as follows.

The 'more than'

cumulative
frequency
distribution can be
presented in the
form of a 'simple
frequency
distribution' as
follows.
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