•Chapter One

• Introduction to Operating System

• By: Kidanemariam F.
Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 1
 Chapter Contents
 Role and purpose of operating
system
 History of operating system
development
 Computer system organization
 Operating system operation
 Operating system services
 Types of an operating systems

Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 2

 Role and Purpose of operating system
What is operating system?
 Software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
Operating System Functions:
 Resource allocation - manages and allocates resources.
 Control program - controls the execution of user programs
and operation of I/O devices.
 Kernel - the one program running at all times (all else being
application programs). School of Computing, DDUIoT
Dec 17, 2024 3
 History of operating system
In the 1950s some technologies emerged that allowed a “simpler”
interaction between the user and the computer.
Resident monitor: - this is a system that loads the program into the
computer, reading it from a tape or punched cards.
This technology gave rise to the first operating system in history, created
in 1956 for an IBM 704 computer, which was responsible for loading
programs successively (starting with the next one when the previous one
had finished loading), reducing the work time required.
Temporary storage: this is a system that also tried to increase speed
by simultaneously loading programs and executing tasks. In the 1960s,
the rise of the integrated circuit launched the power of computers, and
operating systems responded by becoming increasingly complex and
offering new techniques.
Multiprogramming: - In this technique, the main memory already
holds more than one program, and the operating system is responsible
for allocating the machine’s resources to execute tasks based on existing
needs.
Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 4
 History of operating system ...Cont’d
Timeshare: - This is a system that assigns the execution of applications
within a group of users working online.
Real time: - it is used specially in the area of telecommunications, it is
responsible for processing events external to the computer, so that, once a
certain time has passed without success, it considers them as failed.
Multiprocessor: - these are systems that try to manage the readings and
writings made in memory by two programs that are running simultaneously,
in order to avoid errors. As their name suggests, they are designed for use in
computers that use more than one processor.
In the 1970s, IT continued to become increasingly complex, resulting in the
first versions of some of the operating systems that have served as the
basis for many of the ones we use today, such as UNIX.
The operating systems of this decade are still available only to highly
qualified users, and their complexity means that they consume a large
amount of resources. Among the most outstanding, in addition to UNIX, we
find MULTICS, BDOS and CP/M, widely used in computers with Intel
microprocessor.
Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 5
 History of operating system ...Cont’d
The 1980s gave rise to the boom in commercial computing. The arrival of
computers in thousands of offices and homes changes the focus of operating
systems, forcing the development of more user-friendly systems that introduced
graphic elements such as menus.
In this decade the development is such that it gives rise to some operating
systems already legendary, and that contribute to the rise of computing in later
decades, such as C++, SunOS (developed by Sun Microsystems and derived from
UNIX), AmigaOS (developed for the Commodore Amiga) and some classics such
as these:-
 MS-DOS: - developed by Microsoft for IBM PCs, which contributed enormously
to the popularization of computing and gave rise to Windows systems.
 Mac OS: - a system of Macintosh computers developed by Apple Inc,
launched in 1984, and which included a novel graphic interface and the use of
the mouse (a rarity at that time for users that were used to typing
commands).
The decade of the 90’s continues with the explosive line marked in the 80’s,
giving rise to many of the operating systems that, in more modern versions, we
use today:
Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 6
 History of operating system ...Cont’d
GNU/Linux: it was developed based on UNIX, and which is one of the
greatest exponents of free software. Today, GNU/Linux is widely used all
over the world, having a pre-eminence close to 100% in fields as striking as
supercomputers.
Solaris: - also developed on UNIX basis by Sun Microsystems for servers
and workstations.
Microsoft Windows: - which has resulted in a popular family of
commercially successful operating systems used by millions of users
around the world.
In the first decade of the present century, new operating systems continue
to succeed each other, perhaps with less impact than those that emerged
in the previous decade, but have their own place. Highlights include
SymbOS, MorphOS, Darwin, Mac OS, Haiku and OpenSolaris.
So now we see the current decade, in which the rise of phones gives rise to
some popular operating systems, including Android, developed by Google
or iOS, created by Apple.
Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 7
 Computer system organization
Computer system can be divided into four components
Hardware - provides basic computing resources.
Includes: -CPU, memory, I/O devices, ...
Operating system - Controls and coordinates use of hardware
among various applications and users
Application programs - define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users.
Includes: Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games ...
Users
People, machines, other computers

Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 8

 Computer system organization ...Cont’d

Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 9

 Computer system organization ...Cont’d
• Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles

Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 10

 Operating system operation
 Interrupt driven by hardware
 Software error or request creates exception or trap
 Division by zero, request for operating system service
 Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying
each other or the operating system
 Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system
components
 User mode: execution done on behalf of a user.
 Monitor mode (also kernel mode or system mode) : execution
done on behalf of operating system.
 Mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the current mode:
monitor (0) or user (1).
 Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in
kernel mode
DecSystem
17, 2024
call changes modeSchool
toofkernel,
Computing, DDUIoT 11
return from call resets it to user
 Operating system services
One set of operating system service provides functions that are
helpful to user.
 Program execution - ability to load a program into memory and to
run it.
 I/O operations - since user programs cannot execute I/O
operations directly, the operating system must provide some means
to perform I/O.
 File-system manipulation - capability to read, write, create, and
delete files.
 Communications - exchange of information between processes
executing either on the same computer or on different systems tied
together by a network. Implemented via shared memory or
message passing.
 Error detection - ensure correct computing by detecting errors in
the
Dec 17, 2024 CPU and memory hardware, inDDUIoT
School of Computing, I/O devices, or in user programs.
12
 Operating system service ...Cont’d
Additional operating-system functions exist not for helping the
user, but rather for ensuring efficient system operation.
 Resource allocation - allocating resources to multiple users
or multiple processes running at the same time.

 Accounting - keep track of and record which users use how

much and what kinds of computer resources for account billing
or for accumulating usage statistics.

 Protection - ensuring that all access to system resources is

controlled.

Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 13

Operating system common component | Types of Operating System
Common components of Operating System includes:

User interface I/O System management

Process management File management

Main memory management Security protection
system

Secondary-Storage Management Networking
management
Types of Operating System

Batch Operating System. Time-Sharing Operating
System.

Multi-Programming System. Distributed Operating System.

Multi-Processing System. Network Operating System.

Multi-Tasking Operating System.
Dec 17, 2024
Real-Time Operating System 14
School of Computing, DDUIoT
Dec 17, 2024 School of Computing, DDUIoT 15