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    Demography Exercise

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    Demography Exercise

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    1 views31 pages

    Demography Exercise

    Uploaded by

    sahuyoga17

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    DEMOGRAPHY EXERCISES

    Scheme of Presentation:
    1. Demography Basics
    2. Narrative Based exercises
    • Demography – science of dealing with the
    study of size, composition and territorial
    distribution of population
    Demographic Process
    Phenomenon in Demography
    • Population Size-Growth or decline
    • Composition of population
    • Distribution of population in space Fertility

    Process in Demography
    Social
    • Fertility Factors
    Mortality

    Demographi
    • Mortality c Process
    • Marriage
    • Migration
    • Social Mobility Migration Marriage
    Sources of Demographic data
    • Census
    • Vital Events Registers
    • Surveys
    • Sample Registration System
    DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE

    Stage I - High Stationary


    Stage II - Early Expanding
    Stage III - Late Expanding
    Stage IV - Low Stationary
    Stage V - Declining
    Demographic Transition

    India is in the middle of demographic transition.

    1. Both fertility and mortality are declining,


    (the pace and magnitude of the decline varies
    across the States.)

    2. Reasons for high growth rate are.:


    a) Large size of population in the reproductive
    age group
    b) High fertility due to unmet needs for
    contraception
    c) High intended fertility due to high IMR
    Demography Application
    • Planning in Public Health Administration
    • Understanding health and health care needs
    • Describe the level of community health
    • Designing , evaluation and effective implementation of
    various public health programs
    • Mortality rates by age-sex and its geographical distribution
    – helpful in locating and identifying diseases
    – planning remedial measures
    – future planning for prevention
    – Planning drugs/medicines/equipment/manpower /other medical
    facilities requirements
    Age distribution

    • Age Sex Pyramid: is a graphical


    illustration of the distribution of
    a population
    – Broad base of younger age group with
    tapering top in developing phase.
    – With development the bulge in middle will
    increase.
    switzerland

    -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

    female male
    Age Pyramid
    Sex Ratio
    No of females per 1000 males
    Affected by mortality in different genders, sex selective migration,
    sex ratio at birth, foeticides
     Overall  Child sex ration (0-6 years)
    2001 Census- 933 2001 census - 927.
    2011 Census- 940 2011 census - 914

    NFHS 5* - F:M = 1020:1000, Sex ratio at Birth F:M=929:1000


    Dependency ratio

     Age < 15 yrs and > 65 yrs


    dependent population
     Total dependency ratio
    Children 0-14 year age +

    = Population >65 years of age


    Population of 15 to 64 years
    = 48.7%
     Young age dependency= 38.9%
     Old age dependency = 9.8%
    Density of Population
    • Number of persons per sq km
    • India has 464/sq km in 2020, decadal trend shows a steady rise
    from 1921 when it was 81 persons per sq km
    Family Size
    • Total no of children a woman has borne at a point of time. Its
    rate expressed over the complete reproductive age group is
    ‘total fertility rate’
    • Gives magnitude of completed family size
    • India – TFR 2.3 in 2016, declined from 3.6 in 1991
    – NFHS 5 : 2.0 (Urban 1.6, Rural 2.1)
    • Demographic goal NRR=1 to reach ‘Two-child family norm’
    Literacy Rate
    • 2011 census – person above 7 years who can read and
    write with understanding in any language
    • 2011 illiterates were 272.9m with literacy percentage as
    74.04 % (M 82% and F 65.5%)
    • Max in Kerala 93.9% (2011) and Min in Bihar 63.8%
    • *NFHS 5- M: 84.4, F: 71.5 (Overall 77.7%)
    Vital Statistics
    • Birth rate – total number of births/MYP x
    1000
    – India – CBR 19.5/1000 (2020) *SRS
    – World – 18/1000 (2020) *UNICEF

    •Change in Govt attitude


    1990/2018 •Education
    Bangladesh 35/19
    Nepal 38/20 •Better availability of contraception
    India 31/20 •Extension pgmes of FP services
    Sri Lanka 21/16 •Social changes
    Thailand 19/11
    Singapore 18/9
    China 23/12
    Pakistan 40/26
    • Death Rate – total deaths/ MYP x 1000
    • India – CDR 6/1000 (2020)
    • World – 7/1000 (2018)

    1990/2018 REASON FOR DECLINING DEATH RATE


    Bangladesh 10/5 •Decline in Infant/ child mortality
    Nepal 13/6
    •Improved MCH services
    India 11/6
    Sri Lanka 7/6 •Successful immunization pgmes
    Thailand 8/8 •Control of inf diseases
    Singapore 5/5
    China 8/7
    Pakistan 11/7
    Growth Rate
    Growth Rate
    • Growth rates are affected by population momentum
    – contributed by age distribution, marriage and other
    factors

    • GR is 1.3% in Asia and 0.3% in Europe. Population


    with 0.5% GR doubles in 140 years, while with 3% GR
    doubles in 25 yrs. GR in India is 1.4%.
    Life Expectancy (LE)
    • At a given age, LE is the average no of years which a
    person of that age group may expect to live according to
    mortality pattern prevalent in the country.
    • Best indicator of health and development of a country.
    • Globally From 1950 to 2008 increased by 22.5 years
    • India 2016-20: Male 68.6, Female: 71.4, Av : 70.0
    Country 2017
    Male Female
    Nepal 70 71
    Bangladesh 70 73
    India 67 70
    Sri Lanka 72 79
    Pakistan 66 68
    USA 76 81
    Japan 81 87
    NARRATIVE BASED
    EXERCISES
    1.
    In a town with mid-year population of 150,000 following vital events occurred:

    Total live births - 3,200

    Total deaths - 1,400

    Infant deaths - 270

    Maternal deaths – 10
    • Calculate the following: -
    • Crude birth rate

    • Crude death rate

    • Infant mortality rate

    • Maternal mortality ratio


    • What is the difference between Maternal mortality rate and ratio
    Key

    a) CBR – 3200/150000*1000=21.3/1000 pop/year

    b) CDR – 1400/150000*1000= 9.3/1000 pop/year

    c) IMR – 270/3200*1000=84.4/1000 LB

    d) MMR – 10/3200*100000=311/lac LB/year

    e) Maternal mortality ratio includes live births as denominator whereas maternal


    mortality rate includes total no of women in reproductive age group as denominator
    2.
    Data collected from a Primary Health Centre is as below: -

    Total live births - 4,500

    Total stillbirths (foetus weighing over 1,000 g at birth) - 44

    Death under 7 day - 100

    Death between 7 day and 28 day - 75

    Death between 28 day and 1 year – 165

    Calculate the following: -


    • (a) Still Birth rate

    • (b) Neonatal mortality rate

    • (c) Post-neonatal mortality rate

    • (d) Perinatal mortality rate

    • (e) Name two initiatives related to Infants in India


    Key

    a) SBR – 44/4500+44*1000 = 9.68 per1000LB

    b) Neonatal mortality – 100+75/4500*1000=38.8 per1000LB

    c) Post neonatal mortality rate – 165/4500*1000 =36.6 per 1000LB

    d) Perinatal mortality – 44+100/4500*1000 = 32 per 1000LB

    e) India Newborn Action Plan, HBNC, JSSK


    3.
    • A primary health center with 30,000 population, gives the following data of 1 year.
    Age groups Number of women No. of live births in 1 year

    15-24 2000 500

    25-34 1800 250

    35-44 1400 90

    Total 5200 840

    Calculate the following:


    (a) Crude Birth Rate
    (b) Age specific fertility in 15 – 24 years
    (c) General Fertility rate

    (d) What is the difference between General and Total fertility rate
    (e) Comment on suitability of crude birth rate to compare two populations
    Key
    a) CBR – 840/30000*1000=28/1000 pop

    b) 15-24 fertility – 500/2000*1000=250

    c) GFR – 840/5200*1000=161.5per1000women

    d) GFR is restricted to female population of childbearing age however, all women are not
    exposed to pregnancy whereas TFR gives average number of children a women would have, if she
    passes the same fertility pattern. It gives a picture of complete family size.

    e) CBR is an unsatisfactory measure to compare two populations as all population is not


    taking part in child bearing
    4.
    Mid-year population of a city in 2023 was 1,020,000. The following events occurred during 2023.

    Total live births – 30,000

    Total deaths – 12,000

    Maternal deaths – 120

    Infant deaths – 1600

    Still births – 280

    Death within 1 week of birth – 500

    Calculate the following: -


    • (a) Crude Birth rate
    • (b) Crude Death rate
    • (c) Early neonatal mortality rate
    • (d) Maternal Mortality ratio
    • (e) Define perinatal mortality rate and what is the foetal weight and crown-heel
    length criteria in perinatal mortality
    Key

    a) CBR – 30000/102000*1000=29.4/1000 MYP

    b) CDR – 12000/1020000*1000=11.76/1000 MYP

    c) Early neonatal mortality – 500/30000*1000=16.6/thousand LB

    d) MMR – 120/30000*1lac=400/lac LB

    e) Perinatal mortality rate is defined as number of deaths of infants<7 days of age and
    fetal deaths >28 weeks of gestation per 1000 live births. Weight>1 kg and crown to heel length
    >35 cm
    THANKS

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