LESSON 1: NATURE OF

RESEARCH

By
Dommenic C. Malocloc, LPT
SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
Definition of Science

 A systematic arrangement of bodies

of knowledge based on facts
Definition of Scientific Method

A systematic pursuit of knowledge

involving recognition and formulation
of a problem, collection of data
through observation and experiment
and formulation and testing of
hypotheses
What is research?

 It is defined as the scientific

investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts
that links an individual’s speculation
with reality.
What is research?
 a specialized field of study enshrined
in technical, esoteric language and
procedures
What is research?
 a refined technique of thinking,
employing specialized tools,
instruments, and procedures in order
to obtain an adequate solution to a
problem
What is research?
 involves original work, instead of
more exercises on personal opinion, a
genuine desire to prove not only
what, but how much
Purposes of Research
1. Discover new facts of known
phenomena.
2. Find solution to problems that are only
partially solved.
3. Improve or develop new products.
4. Discover unrecognized substances or
elements.
Purposes of Research
5. Validate generalizations into systematic
order.
6. Provide basis for decision-making in any
undertaking.
7. Satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.
8. Acquire better and deeper understanding
about one phenomenon to another.
Purposes of Research

9. Verify existing knowledge.

10. Improve educational practices by
raising the quality of school products.
11. Promote health and prolong life.
12. Enhance man’s basic life.
Kerlinger’s Characteristics of Research

1. Systematic – using a careful system or

method; presented or formulated as
coherent body of ideas and principles
2. Controlled – steps are carefully planned,
not manipulated
3. Empirical – direct experience/observation
4. Critical – careful and precise judgement
Other Characteristics of Research
1. Logical - entails valid procedures and
principles
2. Cyclical - starts with a problem and ends
with a problem
3. Analytical - utilizes proven and analytical
procedures in gathering data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, and
case study
Other Characteristics of Research

4. Replicability - research design and

procedures are repeated to enable
researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
5. Methodical – conducted in
methodical manner without bias using
systematic procedures
Qualities of a Good Researcher
(Calmorin, 2004)
R – esearch-oriented
E – fficient
S – cientific
E – ffective
A - ctive
Qualities of a Good Researcher
(Calmorin, 2004)
R - esourceful
C - reative
H - onest
E - conomical
R – eliable
Characteristics of the Researcher
1. Intellectual Curiosity – a good
researcher undertakes deep thinking
and inquiry of the things, problems,
and situations around
Characteristics of the Researcher
2. Prudence – the researcher is careful
to conduct their research study at the
right time and at the right place wisely,
efficiently, and economically
Characteristics of the Researcher
3. Healthy Criticism – the researcher is
always doubtful as to the truthfulness
of the results
4. Intellectual Honesty – an intelligent
researcher is honest to collect or
gather data or facts in order to arrive
at honest results
Characteristics of the Researcher
5. Intellectual Creativity – a productive
and resourceful investigator always
create new researches
Examples of man’s needs and
problems where products of
research are born:
1. A century ago, rural folks merely
used coconut oil lamp to lighten their
house until electricity was invented.
2. Before, only typewriters and
mimeographing machines were used
as duplicating facilities.
Examples of man’s needs and
problems where products of
research are born:
3. Four decades ago, people found
difficulty in hand washing their clothes,
washing machine then was invented.
4. Airplanes, ships, buses, jeepneys,
automobiles, vans and many others are
products of research for easy
transportation.
Types of Research
1. Basic Research – It seeks to discover
basic truths or principles. It is
intended to add to the body of
scientific knowledge by exploring the
unknown to extend the boundaries of
Types of Research
knowledge as well as to discover new
facts, and learn more accurately the
characteristics of known without a
particular thought as to immediate
practical utility.
Examples of Basic Research
A study looking at how alcohol
consumption impacts the brain
A study to discover the components
making up human DNA
Examples of Basic Research
A study accessing whether stress
levels make people more aggressive
A study looking to see if gender
stereotypes lead to depression
Types of Research
2. Applied Research – This type of
research seeks new applications of
scientific knowledge to the solution of
a problem, such as the development of
a new system or procedure, new
device, or new method in order to
solve the problem.
Examples of Applied Research
A study on how to improve illiteracy in
teenagers
A study looking for ways to market
products for millennials
A study searching for ways to
encourage high school graduates to
attend college
Examples of Applied Research
A study to find ways to make car tires
last longer
A study on how to treat patients with
insomnia
Examples of Applied Research
A study providing solutions for how to
train dogs to stay in their yard
A study on how to prevent mosquito
bites from itching
Types of Research
3. Developmental Research – This is a
decision-oriented research involving
the applications of the steps of the
scientific method in response to an
immediate need to improve existing
practices.
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Research
Types of Quantitative: descriptive,
correlational, quasi-experimental, and
experimental
Types of Qualitative
1. Case study - attempts to shed light
on a phenomena by studying in-
depth a single case example of the
phenomena. The case can be an
individual person, an event, a group,
or an institution.
Types of Qualitative

2. Grounded theory - to understand the

social and psychological processes that
characterize an event or situation
Types of Qualitative
3. Phenomenology - describes the
structures of experience as they
present themselves to consciousness,
without recourse to theory, deduction,
or assumptions from other disciplines
Types of Qualitative

4. Ethnography - focuses on the

sociology of meaning through close
field observation of sociocultural
phenomena. Typically, the
ethnographer focuses on a community.
Types of Qualitative
5. Historical - Systematic collection and
objective evaluation of data related to
past occurrences in order to test
hypotheses concerning causes, effects,
or trends of these events that may help
to explain present events and
anticipate future events (Gay, 1996).
Classification of Research
1. Library Research – done in the library
where answers to specific questions or
problems of the study are available
2. Field Research – research is conducted
in a natural setting,. No changes in the
environment are made.
Classification of Research
3. Laboratory Research – research is
conducted in artificial or controlled
conditions by isolating the study in a
thoroughly specified and equipped area
References:
Textbook:
Costales, N. E. B., & Zulueta, F.M. Methods of research thesis-writing and applied ethics. National
Book Store.

Internet:
Indeed Editorial Team. (2023). Basic vs. Applied Research: What’s the difference?
https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/basic-research-vs-applied-research

University of Wisconsin – Madison – Health Sciences. Types of Research within Qualitative and
Quantitative. Ebling Library.
https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=861013&p=6170080

University of Wisconsin – Madison – Health Sciences. Qualitative vs. Quantitative. Ebling Library.
https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=861013&p=6170079

Purcia, E. L. (2016). Introduction to research. [PowerPoint Slides]. SlideShare a Scribd Company.

https://www.slideshare.net/ErwinPurcia/introduction-to-research-68670561