L1_Intro

Lecture 1:
Introduction
Dr. Rozana Aina Maulat Osman
Microelectronic Engineering
Block 9: Room 00-01-0A
04-9885532
Grading policies
 Course work: 40%
Assignments = 20%
Quizzes = 5%
PBL/Viva/activities = 5%
 Examination: 60%
Mid Term Examination =
10%
Final Examination
= 50%
Course Outcome
CO1:
 Ability to compare types of material families (metal,
polymer, ceramic, and composite) and describe
material structure.
CO2:
 Ability to analyze, calculate, and compare various
material characteristic and properties such as
mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optical
properties.
CO3:
 Ability to analyze material reliability in terms of
material life cycle, oxidation and corrosion
mechanism.
Syllabus
Atoms to microstructure
Interatomic bonding, structure of crystal,
crystal defect,non-crystalline materials
Mass transfer and atomic mixing
Diffusion, kinetics of phase transformation
Mechanical properties
Phase Diagram
Electrical, thermal, magnetic and optical
properties of materials
References
Books
1. Foundation of Materials Science and
Engineering, William F. Smith and Javad
Hashemi,Mc Graw Hill.
Material Science and Engineering, William D.
Callister and David G. Rethwisch, Wiley.
The Science and Engineering of Materials,
Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Fulay, Wendelin
J. Wright, , Cengage Learning.
Physical Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Mc Graw Hill.
Engineering materials
Materials science Materials
Investigate engineering
relationship Designing or
between structure engineering the
and properties structure to
materials produce
predetermined set
of properties
Engineering materials
Materials are important in engineering in
different areas, they are designed:
• To support load
• To conduct electricity
• To accept or reject magnetic
• To transmit or reflect light
• To save cost
• To survive in hostile sorrounding
Materials
Types of materials
 Metals,
 polymers,
 ceramics,
 semiconductor
Properties of materials
 Mechanical,
 electrical,
 magnetic,
 thermal,
 chemical stability
The development of material over time
Metals: copper, tin, bronze, cast, iron, c-steels,
alloy steels, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, super
alloy, etc.
Polymers and Elastomers: wood, fibers, glue,

rubber, nylon, epoxies, polyesters, high modulus
polymers.
Ceramic and Glasses: stone, pottery, glass,

cement, fused silica, technical ceramics (Al 2O3,
SiC)
Hybrids/Composites: paper, metal-matrix

composites, ceramic composites.
The evolution of engineering materials with time. Note the highly nonlinear scale. (From M. F. Ashby,
Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1999.)
Class of Materials
• Metal
• Polymers
• Ceramics
• Semiconductor
Composite Materials (made by combining

two or more of the others)
Members of a class have certain feature in

common: similar properties (mechanical,
thermal electrical, magnetic, and optical
properties), similar processing routes, and
similar applications.
Metals
 Composed of one or more metallic elements (Iron, Copper,
Aluminum)
 Metallic element may combine with nonmetallic elements
(carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) in relatively small amount.
Mechanical Properties:
 Stiff & strong
 Ductile (large amount of deformation without fracture)
 Resistant to fracture.
 Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized
electron.
 Good conductors of electricity & heat
 Not transparent
The Golden Gate Bridge north of San Francisco, California, is one of the most famous
and most beautiful examples of a steel bridge. (Courtesy of Dr. Michael Meier.)
Polymers
 Consist of organic (carbon-containing) long molecular chains or
network
 Plastic & rubber materials (Poly vinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyester)
 Organic compound – carbon, hydrogen & other nonmetallic
elements (O, N, Si)
 Stiffness & strength per mass are comparable to metal&ceramic
 Ductile & pliable (easily formed into complex shape)
 Inert chemically & unreactive in large number of environment
 Tendency to soften and/or decomposed at modest temperature
 Low electrical conductivity & nonmagnetic
Since its development during World War II, nylon fabric remains the most popular material
of choice for parachute designs. (Courtesy of Stringer/Agence France Presse/Getty Images.)
Ceramics
 Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.
They are most frequently oxides, nitrides and carbides
 Example: aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride
 Traditional ceramics: clay minerals, cement, glass
 Stiff & strong
 Very hard
 Brittle (lack ductility)
 Highly susceptible to fracture.
 Insulative to passage of heat & harsh environment
 Optical characteristic – transparent, translucent, opaque
 Oxide ceramic – exhibit magnetic behaviour
High-temperature sodium vapor lamp made possible by use of a translucent Al2O3 cylinder
for containing the sodium vapor. (Note that the Al2O3 cylinder is inside the exterior
glass envelope.) (Courtesy of General Electric Company.)
Composites
 Compose of two (or more) individual materials (metal,
ceramic, polymer)
 Design goal: to achieve a combination of properties that is
not display by any single material & also to incorporate the
best characteristic of each of the component.
 Example: fiberglass – small glass fiber embedded within
polymeric material (epoxy/polyester)
 Mechanical properties of glass fiber: strong, stiff, brittle
 Mechanical properties of polymer: ductile, weak, flexible
 Mechanical properties of fiberglass: strong, stiff, flexible,
ductile, low density
Overview of the wide variety of composite parts used in the Air Force’s C- 17 transport
(From Advance Composites, May/June 1988, p.53.)
Semiconductor
 The bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms).
The electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions
of contaminants.
 Silicon, Si
 Germanium, Ge
 Gallium Arsenide, GaAs
 Gallium Nitride, GaN
 Silicon Carbide, SiC
 Silicon is an important electronic material that has
triggered computer development revolution. Over the
years, integrated circuits have been made with a greater
density of transistors located on a single silicon chip with a
corresponding decrease in transistor width. These chips
play a vital role in computerized manufacturing.
Advanced Materials
Electronic materials
Superconductor
Modern Materials Needs & Future

Biodegradable materials
Nanomaterials
Smart materials
Electronic Materials
Not a major type of material, but are
extremely important for advanced
engineering technology: communication
satellites, advanced computers, digital
watches, robots, etc.
Silicon is the most important electronic
material, it is modified in various ways to
change its electrical properties.
Future Trends
Smart Materials : Change their
properties by sensing external stimulus.
 Shape memory alloys: Strained material
reverts back to its original shape above a

critical temperature.
 Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.
 Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric

field when exposed to force and vice versa.
 Used in actuators and vibration reducers.
Future Trends
 MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems.
 Miniature devices
 Micro-pumps, sensors
 Nanomaterials: Characteristic length < 100 nm

 Examples: ceramics powder and grain size < 100 nm
 Nanomaterials are harder and stronger than bulk materials.
 Have biocompatible characteristics ( as in Zirconia)
 Transistors and diodes are developed on a nanowire.
Classification and application of material’s
engineering
Materials Examples
Engineering
1) Metals Vehicle casis, engine jet component, structures
(bridge, building, etc)
2) Polymers Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), gasket, computer
casing, rubber glove
3) Ceramics Capasitor, varistor, bearing, glass, clay
4) Electronic Transistor, diode, light emitting diode (LED),
materials solar sel
5) Biomaterials Replace natural body tissues
6) Composites Fiberglass, aerospace material, golf club shafts,

tennis rackets
Variety in materials
Image courtesy: Caltech Engineering Design lab handout

Materials in service: wear
Photos from a pump repair company homepage (Emnor Mechanical Inc., Canada)
Corrosion and Oxidation
Corroded Titanic bow, rusted baking plate (Image courtesy: wiki)

PROPERTIES COMPARISON
Properties / Material Metals Ceramics Polymers
Tensile strength High Low High

Compression strength Low High Medium
Ductility High Low High
Electric and thermal High Low Low
conductivity
Hardness High High Medium
Density High Medium Low
Elasticity Medium Low High
Toughness Medium Low High
A broad classification
Based on the specific role in an engineering
application
• Structural materials (mechanical)
• Functional materials (electrical, optical,
magnetic, ...)
Structural versus functional
Mylar:
good,structurally;
bad,functionally
undergoes resistive
degradation with
increasing
temperature and
humidity)
32 sheets in 0.45 mm
● Image courtesy: wiki
Structural vs. Functional
High Curie
Temperature, Tc ,
oxide ceramic
superconductors –
BSCCO (bisko) –
Bismuth Strontium
Calcium Copper
Oxide: good,
functionally; bad,
structurally (brittle)
● Image courtesy: wiki

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Lecture 1:

Polymers and Elastomers: wood, fibers, glue,

Ceramic and Glasses: stone, pottery, glass,

Hybrids/Composites: paper, metal-matrix

Composite Materials (made by combining

Members of a class have certain feature in

Modern Materials Needs & Future

reverts back to its original shape above a

 Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric

 Nanomaterials: Characteristic length < 100 nm

6) Composites Fiberglass, aerospace material, golf club shafts,

Image courtesy: Caltech Engineering Design lab handout

Corroded Titanic bow, rusted baking plate (Image courtesy: wiki)

Properties / Material Metals Ceramics Polymers

Tensile strength High Low High

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