Lecture 3

IP CONCEPT

Abubakarr Sillah
Faculty of Information & Communication Technology
Tel : +23276183346
Email : [email protected]
 IPV4 ADDRESSING
 IPv4
 IPv4 Address Classes
 Subnetting/Subnet Mask
 Identifying the difference between IPv4
Public and Private Networks
 Classless InterDomain Routing

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 IPv4 Addressing

• An IPv4 address is composed of four sets of 8 binary

bits, which are called octets. The result is that IP
addresses contain 32 bits. Each bit in each octet is
assigned a decimal value. The far-left bit has a value of
128, followed by 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1, left to right.
Each bit in the octet can be either a 1 or a 0. If the value
is 1, it is counted as its decimal value, and if it is 0, it is
ignored. If all the bits are 0, the value of the octet is 0. If
all the bits in the octet are 1, the value is 255, which is
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1. By using the set of 8
bits and manipulating the 1s and 0s, you can obtain any
value between 0 and 255 for each octet.

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 IP Address Classes
• IP addresses are grouped into logical divisions
called classes. The IPv4 address space has five
address classes (A through E); however, only
three (A, B, and C) assign addresses to clients.
Class D is reserved for multicast addressing, and
Class E is reserved for future development. Of the
three classes available for address assignments,
each uses a fixed-length subnet mask to define
the separation between the network and the node
(host) address.

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P Address Classes - Continues

A Class A address uses only the first octet to represent the

network portion; a Class B address uses two octets; and
a Class C address uses the first three octets. The
upshot of this system is that Class A has a small
number of network addresses, but each Class A
address has a large number of possible host addresses.
Class B has a larger number of networks, but each
Class B address has a smaller number of hosts. Class
C has an even larger number of networks, but each
Class C address has an even smaller number of hosts.

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 Subnetting
• Now that you have looked at how IPv4 addresses are
used, you can learn the process of subnetting.
Subnetting is a process by which the node (host)
portions of an IP address create more networks than
you would have if you used the default subnet mask.
• To illustrate subnetting, for example, suppose that
you have been assigned the Class B address
150.150.0.0. Using this address and the default
subnet mask, you could have a single network
(150.150) and use the rest of the address as node
addresses.
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This would give you a large number of possible node addresses,
which in reality is probably not useful. With subnetting, you use
bits from the node portion of the address to create more network
addresses. This reduces the number of nodes per network, but
you probably will still have more than enough.
Following are two main reasons for subnetting: It enables you to
more effectively use IP address ranges. It makes IP networking
more secure and manageable by providing a mechanism to create
multiple networks rather than having just one. Using multiple
networks confines traffic to the network that it needs to be on,
which reduces overall network traffic levels. Multiple subnets also
create more broadcast domains, which in turn reduces network-
wide broadcast traffic. A difference exists between broadcast
domains and collision domains: The latter is all the connected
nodes, whereas the former is all the logical nodes that can reach
each other.
DATA As such,AND
COMMUNICATIONS collision
NETWORKSdomains are typically subsets of
Identifying the difference between
IPv4 Public and Private Nerworks

• IP addressing involves many considerations, not the

least of which are public and private networks:
• A public network is a network to which anyone can
connect. The best (and perhaps only pure) example
of such a network is the Internet.
• A private network is any network to which access is
restricted. A corporate network and a network in a
school are examples.

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The main difference between public and private networks, other
than access—a private network is tightly controlled and access to
a public network is not—is that the addressing of devices on a
public network must be carefully considered. Addressing on a
private network has a little more latitude.
As already discussed, for hosts on a network to communicate by
using TCP/IP, they must have unique addresses. This number
defines the logical network that each host belongs to and the
host’s address on that network. On a private network with, for
instance, three logical networks and 100 nodes on each network,
addressing is not a difficult task. On a network on the scale of the
Internet, however, addressing is complex.

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• If you connect a system to the Internet, you need to
get a valid registered IP address. Most commonly,
you obtain this address from your Internet service
provider (ISP). Alternatively, if you want a large
number of addresses, for example, you could
contact the organization responsible for address
assignment in your area. You can determine who
the regional numbers authority for your area is by
visiting the IANA website.

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Because of the nature of their business, ISPs have
large blocks of IP addresses that they can assign to
their clients. If you need a registered IP address,
getting one from an ISP is almost certainly a
simpler process than going through a regional
numbers authority. Some ISP plans include blocks
of registered IP addresses, working on the principle
that businesses want some kind of permanent
presence on the Internet. However, if you
discontinue your service with the ISP, you can no
longer use the provided IP address.
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 Private Address Ranges
• To provide flexibility in addressing, and to prevent an
incorrectly configured network from polluting the
Internet, certain address ranges are set aside for private
use. These address ranges are called private ranges
because they are designated for use only on private
networks. These addresses are special because
Internet routers are configured to ignore any packets
they see that use these addresses. This means that if a
private network “leaks” onto the Internet, it won’t get any
farther than the first router it encounters. So a private
address cannot be on the Internet because it cannot be
routed to public networks.
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 Private address Ranges - Continues
Three ranges are defined in RFC 1918: one each from
Classes A, B, and C. You can use whichever range you
want; however, the Class A and B address ranges offer
more addressing options than Class C. Table 3.4 defines
the private address ranges for Class A, B, and C addresses.
 Private Address Ranges
Class Address Range Default Subnet Mask
A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 255.255.0.0
C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 255.255.255.0

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 Classless InterDomain Routing

Classless interdomain routing (CIDR) is an IPv4 method of assigning

addresses outside the standard Class A, B, and C structure.
Specifying the number of bits in the subnet mask offers more flexibility
than the three standard class definitions. Using CIDR, addresses are
assigned using a value known as the slash. The actual value of the
slash depends on how many bits of the subnet mask are used to
express the network portion of the address. For example, a subnet
mask that uses all 8 bits from the first octet and 4 from the second
would be described as /12, or “slash 12.” A subnet mask that uses all
the bits from the first three octets would be called /24. Why the slash?
In addressing terms, the CIDR value is expressed after the address,
using a slash. So, the address 192.168.2.1/24 means that the node’s
IP address is 192.168.2.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

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THANK YOU FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION
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