Computer Networks

Analog Transmission/ Analog to

Analog Conversion (Modulation)
/ Digital to Analog Conversion
Week 5
BCS 6th Spring 2022
Date: August 01, 03 & 04, 2022
Mahmood Khan (Assistant Professor)
Department of Computer Science SBBU
[email protected]

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Analog to Analog Conversion
(Modulation)

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Analog Signal
 An analog signal is any continuous signal for which
the time varying feature of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity.

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Modulation
 The process of varying one or more properties of a
periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a
separate signal called the modulation signal that
typically contains information to be transmitted.
 For example, the modulation signal might be an audio
signal representing sound from a microphone, a video
signal representing moving images from a video
camera, or a digital signal representing a sequence of
binary digits, a bit stream from a computer.
 The carrier is higher in frequency than the modulation
signal.

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Modulation..
 A modulator is a device or circuit that performs
modulation.
 A demodulator (sometimes detector) is a circuit that

performs demodulation, the inverse of modulation.

 A modem (from modulator–demodulator), used in

bidirectional communication, can perform both

operations.
 The frequency band occupied by the modulation signal

is called the baseband, while the higher frequency

band occupied by the modulated carrier is called
the pass-band.
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Analog to Analog Conversion
 Analog-to-analog conversion, or modulation, is the
representation of analog information by an analog signal.
 It is a process by virtue of which a characteristic of carrier

wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of

the modulating signal.
 Analog-to-analog conversion, or analog modulation, is the

representation of analog information by an analog signal.

 One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal; it

is already analog.
 This modulation is generally needed when a band-pass

channel is required.

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Analog to Analog Conversion..
 Band-pass is a range of frequencies which are
transmitted through a band-pass filter which is a filter
allowing specific frequencies to pass preventing
signals at unwanted frequencies.
 An example is radio.
 The government assigns a narrow bandwidth to each

radio station.
 The analog signal produced by each station is a low-

pass signal, all in the same range.

 To be able to listen to different stations, the low-pass

signals need to be shifted, each to a different range.

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Analog to Analog Conversion…
Analog to Analog conversion can be done in three ways:
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

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Amplitude Modulation
 In AM transmission, the carrier signal is modulated so that
its amplitude varies with the changing amplitudes of the
modulating signal.
 The frequency and phase of the carrier remain the same;
only the amplitude changes to follow variations in the
information.
 Figure shows how this concept works.
 The modulating signal is the envelope of the carrier.
 As Figure shows, AM is normally implemented by using a
simple multiplier because the amplitude of the carrier signal
needs to be changed according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.

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Amplitude Modulation..

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Amplitude Modulation…

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Amplitude Modulation….
 AM is normally implemented by using a simple multiplier
because the amplitude of the carrier signal needs to be
changed according to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
 AM bandwidth:
The modulation creates a bandwidth that is twice the
bandwidth of the modulating signal and covers a range
centered on the carrier frequency.
Bandwidth= 2fm
 Or: BAM = 2B
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Frequency Modulation (FM)
 In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of
the modulating signal.
 The peak amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain
constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal
changes, the frequency of the carrier changes
correspondingly.
 Figure shows the relationships of the modulating signal, the
carrier signal, and the resultant FM signal.
 As Figure shows, FM is normally implemented by using a
voltage-controlled oscillator as with FSK.
 The frequency of the oscillator changes according to the input
voltage which is the amplitude of the modulating signal.
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Frequency Modulation (FM)..

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Frequency Modulation (FM)…

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Frequency Modulation (FM)….
 FM is normally implemented by using a voltage-controlled oscillator
as with FSK. The frequency of the oscillator changes according to the
input voltage which is the amplitude of the modulating signal.
 FM bandwidth:
 The bandwidth of a frequency modulated signal varies with both
deviation and modulating frequency.
If modulating frequency (Mf) 0.5, wide band Fm signal.
 For a narrow band Fm signal, bandwidth required is twice the
maximum frequency of the modulation, however for a wide band Fm
signal the required bandwidth can be very much larger, with detectable
sidebands spreading out over large amounts of the frequency spectrum.

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Phase Modulation (PM)
 In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of
the modulating signal.
 The peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain
constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal
changes, the phase of the carrier changes correspondingly.
 Figure shows the relationships of the modulating signal, the
carrier signal, and the resultant PM signal.

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Phase Modulation (PM)..

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Phase Modulation (PM)…

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Phase Modulation (PM)….
 Phase modulation is practically similar to Frequency
Modulation, but in Phase modulation frequency of
the carrier signal is not increased.
 It is normally implemented by using a voltage-
controlled oscillator along with a derivative.
 The frequency of the oscillator changes according to
the derivative of the input voltage which is the
amplitude of the modulating signal.
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Phase Modulation (PM)…..
 PM bandwidth:
 For small amplitude signals, PM is similar to amplitude

modulation (AM) and exhibits its unfortunate doubling

of baseband bandwidth and poor efficiency.
 For a single large sinusoidal signal, PM is similar to

FM, and its bandwidth is approximately, 2 (h+1)

Fm where h= modulation index.
 Thus, Modulation allows us to send a signal over a

bandpass frequency range. If every signal gets its own

frequency range, then we can transmit multiple signals
simultaneously over a single channel, all using
different frequency ranges.
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Phase Modulation (PM)……
PM bandwidth:-
 The total bandwidth required for PM can be
determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
 Where  = 2 most often.

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Digital to Analog Conversion

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Digital Signal:
 A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a
sequence of discrete values; at any given time it can
only take on one of a finite number of values.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing
one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on
the information in digital data.
 Figure shows the relationship between the digital

information, the digital-to-analog modulating process,

and the resultant analog signal.

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Aspects of Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
Data Element Versus Signal Element:
 A data element as the smallest piece of information to be exchanged, the bit.

 A signal element as the smallest unit of a signal that is constant.

Data Rate Versus Signal Rate:

 Data rate (bit rate) is the number of bits per second.

 Signal rate (baud rate) is the number of signal elements per second.

Carrier Signal:
 In analog transmission, the sending device produces a high-frequency signal

that acts as a base for the information signal.

 This base signal is called the carrier signal or carrier frequency.

 The receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the carrier signal that it

expects from the sender.

 Digital information then changes the carrier signal by modifying one or more

of its characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase).

 This kind of modification is called modulation (shift keying).
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Types of digital-to-analog conversion
 A sine wave is defined by three characteristics:
amplitude, frequency, and phase.
 When we vary any one of these characteristics, we

create a different version of that wave.

 So, by changing one characteristic of a simple electric

signal, we can use it to represent digital data.

 Any of the three characteristics can be altered in this

way, giving us at least three mechanisms for

modulating digital data into an analog signal:
 1. Amplitude shift keying (ASK),
 2. Frequency shift keying (FSK), and
 3. Phase shift keying (PSK).
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Types of digital-to-analog conversion..
 In addition, there is a fourth (and better) mechanism
that combines changing both the amplitude and phase,
called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

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Amplitude Shift Keying
 In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier
signal is varied to create signal elements.
 Both frequency and phase remain constant while the
amplitude changes.
 Amplitude Shift Keying is a technique in which carrier
signal is analog and data to be modulated is digital.
 The amplitude of analog carrier signal is modified to
reflect binary data.
 The binary signal when modulated gives a zero value when
the binary data represents 0 while gives the carrier output
when data is 1.
 The frequency and phase of the carrier signal remain
constant.
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Binary ASK (BASK)
 ASK is normally implemented using only two levels.
 This is referred to as binary amplitude shift keying or

on-off keying (OOK).

 The peak amplitude of one signal level is 0; the other is

the same as the amplitude of the carrier frequency.

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Amplitude Shift Keying..
Advantages of amplitude shift Keying –
 It can be used to transmit digital data over optical

fiber.
 The receiver and transmitter have a simple design

which also makes it comparatively inexpensive.

 It uses lesser bandwidth as compared to FSK thus it

offers high bandwidth efficiency.

Disadvantages of amplitude shift Keying –
 It is susceptible to noise interference and entire

transmissions could be lost due to this.

 It has lower power efficiency.

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Frequency Shift Keying
 In frequency shift keying, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to
represent data.
 The frequency of the modulated signal is constant for the duration of
one signal element, but changes for the next signal element if the data
element changes.
 Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant for all signal elements.
 In this modulation the frequency of analog carrier signal is modified to
reflect binary data.
 The output of a frequency shift keying modulated wave is high in
frequency for a binary high input and is low in frequency for a binary
low input. The amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain
constant.
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 Binary FSK (BFSK)
 One way to think about binary FSK (or BFSK) is to consider
two carrier frequencies.
 In Figure, we have selected two carrier frequencies, f1and f2.
 We use the first carrier if the data element is 0; we use the
second if the data element is 1.

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Frequency Shift Keying..
Advantages of frequency shift Keying –
 Frequency shift keying modulated signal can help

avoid the noise problems beset by ASK.

 It has lower chances of an error.
 It provides high signal to noise ratio.
 The transmitter and receiver implementations are

simple for low data rate application.

Disadvantages of frequency shift Keying –
 It uses larger bandwidth as compared to ASK thus it

offers less bandwidth efficiency.

 It has lower power efficiency.

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Phase Shift Keying
 In phase shift keying, the phase of the carrier is varied
to represent two or more different signal elements.
 Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as
the phase changes.
 In this modulation the phase of the analog carrier
signal is modified to reflect binary data.
 The amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remains constant.
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Phase Shift Keying..
 It is further categorized as follows:
 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK):
 Quadrature phase shift keying:

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Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
 BPSK also known as phase reversal keying or 2PSK is
the simplest form of phase shift keying.
 The Phase of the carrier wave is changed according to

the two binary inputs.

 In Binary Phase shift keying, difference of 180 phase

shift is used between binary 1 and binary 0.

 This is regarded as the most robust digital modulation

technique and is used for long distance wireless

communication.
 The simplest PSK is binary PSK, in which we have

only two signal elements, one with a phase of 0°, and

the other with a phase of 180°.
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Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)..
 Figure gives a conceptual view of PSK.
 Binary PSK is as simple as binary ASK with one big

advantage –it is less susceptible to noise.

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Quadrature phase shift keying
 QPSK also known as phase reversal keying or 4PSK
 This technique is used to increase the bit rate i.e we
can code two bits onto one single element.
 It uses four phases to encode two bits per symbol.
 QPSK uses phase shifts of multiples of 90 degrees.
 It has double data rate carrying capacity compare to
BPSK as two bits are mapped on each constellation
points.
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Quadrature phase shift keying..

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Phase Shift Keying…
Advantages of phase shift Keying –
 It is a more power efficient modulation technique as

compared to ASK and FSK.

 It has lower chances of an error.
 It allows data to be carried along a communication

signal much more efficiently as compared to FSK.

Disadvantages of phase shift Keying –
 It offers low bandwidth efficiency.
 The detection and recovery algorithms of binary data

is very complex.
 It is a non coherent reference signal.

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 Thanks
 FURTHER DISCUSSION

NEXT WEEK …………….

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