Computer Networks

Data Communication Concepts

Week 1
BCS 6th Spring 2022
Date: June 20, 22 & 23, 2022
Mahmood Khan (Assistant Professor)
Department of Computer Science SBBU
[email protected]

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General Information
 Instructor: Mahmood Khan Khadagzai
Assistant Professor in CS, SBBU

◦ E-mail: [email protected]

◦ Cell #: 0314-9467978

◦ Class Timing: Monday: 11:00 AM – 12:00

PM
Wednesday: 10:00 AM – 12:00
PM
Thursday: 11:00 AM – 12:00
PM
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Course Information
 Subject: Computer Networks
 Credit Hours: 04 (3+1)
 Prerequisites: None
 Course Code: CS506
 Grading:
◦ Final Term Exam: (40 %)
◦ Mid Term Exam: (20 %)
◦ Practical/Viva: (20 %)
◦ Internal: (20 %)
 Attendance, Assignments, Tests, Quizzes, Presentations
and Class Participation
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Homework Submission
 Typed covered page:
◦ Your name
◦ Semester/ Session you are in:
◦ Homework number
 Handwriting is good for the rest of the
homework, but write legibly
 Staple pages together
 Or Submit through email.
 Homework due at the beginning of the class

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Course Contents /Outlines
 Data Communication Concepts
 Analog and Digital Transmission
 Noise
 Media
 Encoding
 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
 Network System Architectures (OSI, TCP/IP)
 Error Control
 Flow Control
 Data Link Layer Protocols
 Bridging

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Course Contents /Outlines..
 Local Area Networks and MAC layer Protocols
 Multiplexing
 Switched and IP Networks
 Inter-networking
 Routing
 Transport Layer Protocols TCP
 UDP and SCTP
 Application Layer Protocols
 Wireless LANs
 Lab exercises using tools such as Wireshark, OpNet,

Packet Tracer etc

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Recommended Book(s)
1. Data Communications and Networking by Behrouz
A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Science; 5th Edition
(February 17, 2012). ISBN-10: 0073376221.

2. Data and Computer Communications by William

Stallings, Prentice Hall; 9th Edition (August 13, 2010).
ISBN-10: 0131392050.

3. Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and

David J. Wetherall, Prentice Hall; 5th Edition (October
7, 2010). ISBN-10: 0132126958.

4. Computer Networks and Internets by Douglas E.

Comer, Prentice Hall; 5th Edition (April 28, 2008).
ISBN-10: 0136066984.
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Data Communication
 Electronic transfer of data from one location to another
• Enables an information system to deliver information
• Improves the flexibility of data collection and
transmission
• Basis of virtual organizations
• Provides e-collaboration

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Data Communication &
Telecommunication
 Data Communications: the movement of computer
information from one point to another by means of
electrical or optical transmission systems (called
networks).
 Telecommunications: broader term that includes the

transmission of voice and video, as well as data, and

may imply longer distances.
 Although once considered separate phenomenon,

telecom & datacom are in the process of “converging”

into a single “broadband” communications technology.

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Why We Need to Know About Data
Communication?
 Enhances decision makers’ efficiency and
effectiveness
 Enables organizations to use e-mail and electronic

file transfer to improve efficiency and productivity

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Effects of Data Communication
Technologies
 Online training for employees can be provided via
virtual classrooms
 Internet searches for information keep employees up

to date
 Facilitate lifelong learning
 Boundaries between work and personal life are less

clear-cut as data communication is more available in

both homes and businesses
 Web and video conferencing are easier

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Basic Concepts in a Data
Communication System
 Bandwidth
• Amount of data that can be transferred from one
point to another in a certain time period
 Attenuation

• Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the

sending device to the receiving device
 Broadband

• Multiple pieces of data, sent simultaneously to

increase the transmission rate

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Basic Concepts in a Data
Communication System
 Narrowband
• Voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting
a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of
information can be transferred
 Protocols
• Rules that govern data communication
 Error detection, message length, and transmission
speed

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Components of a Data
Communication System

Sender and Modems

receiver devices or routers

Communica
tion medium

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Forms of Sender and Receiver
Devices
 Input/output device, or thin client
• Used only for sending or receiving information
• It has no processing power
 Smart terminal

• Performs certain processing tasks but is not a full-

featured computer
 Intelligent terminal or personal computer

• Using this, a remote computer can perform certain

processing tasks without the main computer’s support

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Forms of Sender and Receiver
Devices
 Net-book computer
• Low-cost, diskless computer used to connect to the
Internet or a LAN
• Net-book computers run software off servers and
save data to servers
 Minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers

• Process data and send it to other devices

• Receive data that has been processed elsewhere,
process it, then transmit it to other devices

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Forms of Sender and Receiver
Devices
 Smart-phones
• mobile phones with advanced capabilities, with a
built in keyboard or an external USB keyboard
 Video game console
• Receives instructions from a game player and
produces a video display signal on a monitor

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Modems
 Device that connects a user to the Internet
• Short for modulator-demodulator
• Not required for all Internet connections
 Types

• Dial-up: Analog modem is necessary to convert a

computer’s digital signals to analog signals
• Digital subscriber line (DSL): High-speed service
that uses ordinary phone lines
• Cable: Uses the same cable that connects to TVs for
Internet connections

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Types of Communication Media

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Processing Configurations

Centralize Decentrali
d zed

Distribute
d

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Centralized Processing
 Processing is done at one central computer
 Used in early days of computer technology because:

• Data-processing personnel were in short supply

• Hardware and software were expensive
 Advantage

• Ability to exercise tight control on system

operations and applications
 Disadvantage

• Lack of responsiveness to users’ needs

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Decentralized Processing
 Each user, department, or division has its own computer for
performing processing tasks
 Advantage
• Responsive to users
 Disadvantages
• Lack of coordination among organizational units
• High costs of having many systems
• Duplication of efforts

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Distributed Processing
 Maintains centralized control and decentralized operations
 Advantages
• Accessing unused processing power is possible
• Computer power can be added or removed
• Distance and location are not limiting
• More compatible with organizational growth
• Fault tolerance is improved
• Resources can be shared to reduce costs
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Distributed Processing
• Advantages
• Reliability is improved
• More responsive to user needs
 Disadvantages
• More security and privacy challenges
• Incompatibility between various pieces of equipment
• Managing the network is challenging

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Open Systems Interconnection
Model
 Seven-layer architecture for defining how data is
transmitted in a network
 Standardizes interactions between network computers
exchanging information
 Layers in the architecture
• Application: Serves as the window through which
applications access network services
• Presentation: Formats message packets
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Open Systems Interconnection
Model
• Layers in architecture
• Session: Establishes a communication session
between computers
• Transport: Generates the receiver’s address and
ensures the integrity of messages
• Network: Routes messages
• Data link: Oversees the establishment and control of
the communication link
• Physical: Defines the physical medium used for
communication

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Hardware component that enables computers to

communicate over a network
• Known as an adapter card
• Operates at the OSI model’s physical and data link
layers

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Network Components
 Local area networks contain three basic hardware
components:
◦ Servers (also called hosts or host computers)
◦ Clients
◦ Circuits
 Clients and Servers typically work together in client-
server networks. Networks without servers are called
peer-to-peer networks.
 Routers are specialized devices responsible for moving
information between networks, are also a common
network component.
 Server types: file servers, print servers, Web servers, e-
mail and directory servers.
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Figure 1-1. Components of a Network
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Types of Networks

Local area (LAN)

• Connects workstations and peripheral devices that are in close nearness

Wide area (WAN)

• Spans several cities, states, or countries, and is owned by different parties

Metropolitan area (MAN)

• Designed to handle data communication for multiple organizations in a city and nearby
cities as well

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Network Types
 A common way of thinking about networks is by the scale of
the network. 4 common network types are:
◦ Local Area Networks (LANs) which typically occupy a
room or building, usually include a group of PCs that share
a circuit.
◦ Backbone Networks, have a scale of a few hundred meters
to a few kilometers. Include a high speed backbone linking
the LANs at various locations.
◦ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) which typically have
a scale of a few kilometers to a few tens of kilometers &
connects LANs and BNs at different locations, often using
leased lines or other commercial services to transmit data.
◦ Wide Area Networks (WANs) have a scale of hundreds or
thousands of kilometers. Like MANs, leased circuits or
other commercially available services are used to transmit
data.
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A Local Area Network

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A Wide Area Network

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A Metropolitan Area Network

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Network Standards

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Why Standards?
 Standards provide a fixed way for hardware and/or
software systems to communicate.
 For example, USB enables two pieces of equipment to
interface even though they are manufactured by different
companies.
 By allowing hardware and software from different
companies to interconnect, standards help promote
competition.
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Types of Standards

 There are two main types of standards:

 Formal: a standard developed by an industry or
government standards-making body
 De facto: standards that emerge in the marketplace
and are widely used, but lack official backing by a
standards-making body

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The Standardization Processes Three Steps
 Specification: developing the nomenclature and
identifying the problems to be addressed.
 Identification of choices: identify solutions to the
problems and choose the “optimum” solution.
 Acceptance: defining the solution, getting it
recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is
accepted.

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Some Major Standards Making Bodies
 ISO: International Organization for Standardization (
www.iso.ch)
 ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union –

Telecom Group (www.itu.int)

 ANSI: American National Standards Institute (

www.ansi.org)
 IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

(see standards.ieee.org)
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force (www.ietf.org)

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Network Topologies
 Represents a network’s physical layout including the
arrangement of computers and cables
 Types
• Star
• Ring
• Bus
• Hierarchical
• Mesh

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Star Topology
 Consists of a central computer and a series of nodes
 Advantages

• Cable layouts are easy to modify and centralized

control makes detecting problems easier
• Nodes can be added to the network easily
• Effective at handling short bursts of traffic
 Disadvantages

• If the central host fails, entire network becomes

inoperable
• Increases cost as many cables are required

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Ring Topology
 No host required as each computer manages its own
connectivity
 Each node is connected to two other nodes
• Upstream neighbor and downstream neighbor
 Transmission is in one direction
 Needs less cable than star topology
 Diagnosing problems and modifying the network are more
difficult
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Bus Topology
 Connects nodes along a network segment
• Ends of the cable aren’t connected
• Terminator: Hardware device used at each end of the cable to
absorb the signal
 Advantages
• Easy to extend and reliable
• Wiring layout is simple and uses the least amount of cable of
any topology, which keeps costs down
• Best for handling steady traffic
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Bus Topology

 Disadvantages
• Fault diagnosis is difficult
• Bus cable can be a bottleneck when network traffic
is heavy

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Hierarchical Topology
 Combines computers with different processing
strengths in different organizational levels
 Used by traditional mainframe networks
◦ Mainframe computer is at the top
◦ Front-end processors (FEPs) are at the next level
◦ Controllers and multiplexers are at the next level
◦ Terminals and workstations are at the bottom level

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Hierarchical Topology
• Controller: Hardware and software device that
controls data transfer from a computer to a
peripheral device
• Multiplexer: Hardware device that allows several
nodes to share one communication channel
 Advantage

• Offers network control and lower costs

 Disadvantages

• Network expansion may be a problem

• Traffic congestion at root and higher-level nodes

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Mesh Topology
 Every node is connected to every other node
• Otherwise known as plex or interconnected
 Advantage
• Highly reliable
 Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Difficult to maintain and expand

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Major Networking Concepts

Protocols TCP/IP

Routing Routers
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Protocols
 Agreed-on methods and rules that electronic devices
use to exchange information
 Deal with hardware connections, control data
transmisión, and file transfer
 Specify the format of message packets sent between
computers

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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
 Industry-standard suite of communication protocols
that enables interoperability
 Protocols in the TCP/IP suite

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Operates at

the OSI model’s Transport layer
• Establishes a link between hosts
• Ensures message integrity, sequencing and
acknowledging packet delivery
• Regulates data flow between source and
destination nodes
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
 Protocols in the TCP/IP suite
• Internet Protocol (IP): Operates at the OSI model’s
Network layer
 Responsible for packet forwarding
 Divided into two parts

▸ Network address
▸ Node address

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Routing
 Packet
• Collection of binary digits sent from computer to computer
over a network
 Includes message data and control characters for formatting
and transmitting
 Routing
• Process of deciding which path data takes
• Determined by the type of network and the software used to
transmit data
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Routing
 Decision about selecting a route to follow is done at a
central location or each node
◦ centralized routing: Single node is in charge of
selecting the path for all packets
◦ distributed routing: Relies on each node to calculate
its own best possible route
 Routing table: Generated automatically by software
◦ Determines the best possible route for a packet
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Routers
 Network connection device containing software that
connects network systems and controls traffic flow
 Choose the best path for packets based on distance or
cost
 Prevent network jams that delay packet delivery
 Handle packets of different sizes

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Types of Routers

Static

• Requires the network routing manager to give it information

about which addresses are on which network

Dynamic

• Build tables that identify addresses on each network

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Client/Server Model
 Software runs on the local computer and
communicates with the remote server to request
information or services
• Server is a remote computer on the network that
provides information or services in response to client
requests
 Advantage: Scalability

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Client/Server Model
 Understanding in terms of levels of logic
• Presentation: Concerned with how data is returned
to the client
• Application: Concerned with the software
processing requests for users
• Data management: Concerned with data
management and storage operations

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Two-Tier Architecture
 Client communicates directly with the server
• Effective in small workgroups
 Advantage

• Consists of application development speed,

simplicity, and power
 Drawback

• Changes in application logic require modifications

of clients resulting in upgrade and modification
costs

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A Two-Tier Client/Server
Architecture

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N-Tier Architectures
 Balance the workload between client and server
◦ By removing application processing from the client
and server and placing it on a middle-tier server
◦ Three-tier architecture
 Advantage

◦ Improved network performance

 Drawback

◦ Consists of more network traffic

◦ Testing software is difficult

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An N-Tier Architecture

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An Three-Tier Architecture

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Wireless and Mobile Networks
 Wireless network
• Uses wireless instead of wired technology
 Mobile network
• Network operating on a radio frequency (RF),
consisting of radio cells each served by a fixed
transmitter
• Known as a base station

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Advantages and Disadvantages of
Wireless and Mobile Networks
 Advantages • Disadvantages
• Mobility • Limited throughput
• Flexibility • Limited range
• Ease of installation • In-building
• Low cost penetration problems
• weakness to
frequency noise
• Security

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Categorization of Wireless Technologies

 Wireless LANs
• Alternative to wired LANs
• Characterized by having one owner and covering a
limited area
 Wireless WANs
• Cover a broader area than WLANs

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Mobile Networks
 Consists of a three-part architecture
• Base stations
• Mobile telephone switching offices (MTSOs)
• Subscribers
 Technologies developed to improve the efficiency and quality of
digital communications
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Increases efficiency by 300 percent, as it allows carrying three
calls on one channel
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Mobile Networks
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Divides each channel into six time slots
 One for transmission and one for reception

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

 Transmits multiple encoded messages over a wide
frequency and then decodes them at the receiving
end

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Mobile Network Architecture

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Summery
 Data communication system improves the flexibility
of data collection and transmission
 Communication media, or channels, connect sender
and receiver devices
 OSI standardizes interactions between network
computers exchanging information

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Summery..
 There are three major types of networks
• Local area networks
• Wide area networks
• Metropolitan area networks
 Network topology represents a network’s physical
layout
 Wireless and mobile networks have the advantages of
mobility, flexibility, ease of installation, and low cost
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 Thanks
 FURTHER DISCUSSION

NEXT WEEK …………….

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