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CH (5) Lesson 2 Quantum Theory and The Atom

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33 views23 pages

CH (5) Lesson 2 Quantum Theory and The Atom

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hasnaa99hussein
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lesson 2

Quantum Theory and the


Atom
Focus Question

Why does every element produce a


unique atomic emission spectrum?
New Vocabulary

ground state atomic orbital


quantum number principal quantum number
de Broglie equation principal energy level
Heisenberg uncertainty energy sublevel
principle
quantum mechanical
model of the atom
Review Vocabulary

atom: the smallest particle of an element that


retains all the properties of that element; is
composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• The dual wave-particle model of light did not
explain why atomic emission spectra of elements
were discontinuous rather than continuous.
• In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a quantum model
for the hydrogen atom that seemed to answer
this question.
• Bohr correctly predicted the frequency lines in
hydrogen’s atomic emission spectrum.
• The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is
called its ground state.
• When an atom gains energy, it is in an excited
state.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
• Bohr suggested that an electron in a hydrogen
atom moves around the nucleus in only certain
allowed circular orbits.
• The number assigned to each orbit of an electron
is a quantum number.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom

• A hydrogen atom is in the ground state when


its single electron is in the n = 1 orbit.
• When energy is added, the electron moves to
a higher-energy orbit, n = 2.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom

The Limits of Bohr’s Model


• Bohr’s model explained hydrogen’s spectral lines,
but it failed to explain any other element’s lines.
• The behavior of electrons is still not fully
understood, but substantial evidence indicates
they do not move around the nucleus in circular
orbits.
The Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom

• Louis de Broglie hypothesized that particles,


including electrons, could also have wavelike
behaviors.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus only in whole-number
wavelengths.
The Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom

Electrons as Waves
• The de Broglie equation predicts that all moving
particles have wave characteristics.
The Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle


• Heisenberg showed it is impossible to take any
measurement of an object without disturbing it.
• The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that
it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely
both the velocity and position of a particle at the
same time.
• The only quantity that can be known is the
probability for an electron to occupy a certain
region around the nucleus.
The Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom

The Schrödinger Wave Equation


• Schrödinger treated electrons as waves in a
model called the quantum mechanical model of
the atom.
• Schrödinger’s equation applied equally well to
elements other than hydrogen.
The Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom

Electron’s Probable Location


• The wave function predicts a three-dimensional region
around the nucleus called the atomic orbital.
• The figure represents the probability of finding an
electron at a given position around the nucleus.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals

Principal Quantum Number


• The quantum mechanical model assigns four
quantum numbers to atomic orbitals.
• The principal quantum number (n) indicates the
relative size and energy of atomic orbitals.
• As n increases, the orbital becomes larger, the
electron spends more time farther from the
nucleus, and the atom’s energy increases.
• n specifies the atom’s major energy levels, called
the principal energy levels.
• An atom’s lowest principal energy level is
assigned a principal quantum number of 1.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals

Energy Sublevels
• Principal energy levels contain energy sublevels.
• Principle energy level 1 consists of a single
sublevel, principle energy level 2 consists of two
sublevels, and so on.
Hydrogen’s Atomic Orbitals
• Sublevels are labeled s, p, d, or f according to the
shapes of the atom’s orbitals.
Quiz

1. What is the lowest allowable energy state of an


atom called?

A excited state
B quantum state

C ground state CORRECT

D atomic orbital
Quiz

2. Which term refers to the conclusion that it is


fundamentally impossible to know precisely both
the velocity and the position of a particle at the
same time?

A Planck’s effect C Heisenberg uncertainty


principle CORRECT

B de Broglie principle D Schrodinger principle


Quiz

3. How many sublevels does principal energy level 3


consist of?

A 1

B 2

C 3 CORRECT

D 4
Quiz

4. What is the name of the atomic model that treats


electrons as waves?

A Bohr’s model C particle mechanical


model

B Heisenberg’s model D quantum mechanical


model of the atom
CORRECT
Quiz

5. Which of the following is NOT true about the


Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

A It is impossible to assign fixed paths for electrons.

B
It is impossible to know precisely both the velocity and
the position of a particle at the same time.
C It is possible to know the probability for an electron
to occupy a certain region around the nucleus.
D It is possible to know precisely both the velocity
and the position of a particle at the same time.
CORRECT

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