Data Types

Programming Data Types

Data Types
– Refer to the kinds of data that variable can assume, hold or take
on in a programming language and for which operations are
automatically provided.

Data Type Keyword

Boolean (true or false) bool
Character char
Integer (whole numbers) int
Floating point float
Double floating point double
Texts string
 Programming Data Types

Boolean
– A boolean data type represents two states: true and false.
– it can also accept values 0 and 1; wherein 0 can represent false,
and 1 as true.

Example:
bool result = true;
correct declaration
bool result2 = false;

bool x = 123.456; wrong declaration

 Programming Data Types

Integer
– integer can only hold whole numbers; numbers with decimal
points will be converted into whole numbers.

Example:
int num = 10;

– if you declared-> int x = 3.2 the program will ignore everything

that is typed after the decimal point.
 Programming Data Types

Types of Integers:
– int can only contain values ranging from -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647… but it has different types:

data type range

short -32768 to 32767
long -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647

long long -18446744073709551616

to
18446744073709551616
 Programming Data Types

Character
– A character data type represents a single character.
– it must have its value enclosed in single-quotes.

Example:
char letter = ‘a’; correct declaration

char x = 0;
char y = qwerty; wrong declaration
char z = “asdf”;
char a = ‘abcde’;
 Programming Data Types

String
– A string data type represents a series of characters.
– it must have its value enclosed in double-quotes.

Example:
string name = “mark”; correct declaration

string x = ‘0’;
wrong declaration
string y = 1;
 Programming Data Types

Floating point
– A floating point data type represents number with decimal point.
– has two types: float and double.

Example:
double number = 3.5;

data type range

float +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)

double +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

 Programming cin and cout

The Standard Output Stream (cout)

– The cout object is said to be "connected to" the standard
output device, which usually is the display screen.
– The cout is used in conjunction with the stream insertion
operator, which is written as << which are two less than
signs

Example:
cout<<“Hello, World!”<<endl;
 Programming cin and cout

The Standard Input Stream (cin)

– The cin object is said to be “attached to" the standard
input device, which usually is the keyboard.
– The cin is used in conjunction with the stream extraction
operator, which is written as >> which are two greater
than signs

Example:
int x;
cin>>x;
 Programming cin and cout sample program

Sample Program:

Output:
 Programming cin and cout sample program

Sample Program:

Output:
 Flowchart

Computer Science Fundamentals - Lectures

Flowchart and Algorithm

• Flowchart
are a visual outlining tool. They can be used to
represent an algorithm.

• Algorithm
The sequence of steps necessary to solve any
problem.
Symbols used in Flowcharting
Symbols used in Flowcharting
Sample Program:
Sample Flowchart:
Flowchart

#include<iostream.h>
start TERMINAL
using namespace std; SYMBOL

int main(){
no1, no 2
INPUT
int no1, no2;
int sum;
sum = no1+no2 PROCESS
cout<<“Please Type in First Integer:”;
cin>>no1;
cout<<“Please Type in Second Integer:”; no1, no2,
sum OUTPUT
cin>>no2;
sum = no1+no2;
cout<<“The sum of” <<no1 <<“and”<<no2
end TERMINAL
<<“is:”<<sum<<endl;
SYMBOL
}
Operators
Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Operators Use Description

+ op1 + op2 Adds op1 and op2
- op1 - op2 Multiplies op1 and op2
* op1 * op2 Divides op1 and op2
/ op1 / op2 Subtracts op1 from op2
% op1 % op2 Computes the remainder
of dividing op1 by op2
Sample Program
#include<iostream.h>

using namespace std;

int main(){

int num1;
int num2;

cout<<“Enter First Number:”<<endl;

cin>>num1;
cout<<“Enter Second Number:”<<endl;
cin>>num2;
cout<<“The sum is:”<<“ “<<num1+num2;

}
Output
 Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Operator Use
Description

++op++ increments op by 1, evaluates to the

value of op

before it was incremented.

++++op increments op by 1, evaluates to

the value of op

after it was incremented.

 Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

Operator Use
Description

--op-- decrements op by 1, evaluates to

the value of op

before it was decremented.

----op decrements op by 1, evaluates to the

value of op

after it was decremented.

Sample Program

#include<iostream.h>
using namespace std;

int main(){

int a = 23;
int b = 24;
int c = 22;

cout<<"Number 1 ="<<++a<<endl;
cout<<"Number 2 ="<<b++<<endl;
cout<<"Number 2 = "<<b<<endl;
cout<<"Number 3 ="<<--c<<endl;

}
Output

Number 1 = 24
Number 2 = 24
Number 2 = 25
Number 3 = 21