biomechanics01 ppt

Measuring Devices In Biomechanics
Presented By
Engr. Hassan Ali
What is Biomechanics ??
Bio = Life (Human Body)
Mechanics = Forces and Motion
 Biomechanics is the science concerned with

how forces (internal & external) act on the
human body and the effects these forces
have on the motion of the body.
 Necessary to study the body’s mechanical

characteristics & principles to understand its
movements
How the body moves???
 Muscles are the main source of force that
produces or changes movement of a body
segment, the entire body, or some object
thrown, struck, or stopped
 Strong muscles are able to produce more

force than weak muscles
Determination of Muscular Mechanics
 Electromyography (EMG) measures muscle response or
electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the
muscle.
 EMGs can be used to detect abnormal electrical activity of

muscle that can occur in many diseases and conditions
including :
1. Muscles Disuse Atrophy

2 Inflammation Of Muscles
3 Pinched Nerves
4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
How EMG is Done ???
Application of Biomechanics
(Artificial Muscle Design)
Ocular Response Analyzer
 The Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) is the only
instrument in the world capable of measuring Corneal
Hysteresis (CH); an indication of the biomechanical
properties of the cornea.
 CH represents a tissue property, which provides more

comprehensive information about ocular biomechanics.
Ocular Response Analyzer
Analysis of Gait
Fundamental Concept
Gait analysis is the quantitative measurement and

assessment of human locomotion including both
walking and running.
Examples of clinical pathologies currently served by

gait analysis include
• Cerebral palsy (CP)
• Degenerative joint disease
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury.

Fundamental Concept
. Typically, the gait cycle is deﬁned as the period of time from the point of initial contact (also
referred to as foot contact) of the subject’s foot with the ground to next point of initial contact
for that same limb.
Dividing the gait cycle in stance and swing phases is the point in the cycle where the stance
limb leaves the ground, called toe off or foot off.
Data that are currently provided for the clinical interpretation of gait include :
1. Static physical examination measures, such as passive joint range of motion, muscle
strength and tone, and the presence and degree of bony deformity.
2. Temporal parameters, such as step length and walking velocity
3. Joint angular displacements commonly referred to as kinematics
4. The forces and torque applied to the subject’s foot by the ground, or ground reaction
forces.
5. Indications of muscle activity during gait, i.e., voltage potentials produced by contracting
muscles, known as dynamic electromyography (EMG)
6. A measure of metabolic energy expenditure, e.g., oxygen consumption, energy cost.
7. A videotape of the individual’s gait trial for qualitative review and quality control purpose
Data Collection Protocol
The steps involved in the gathering of data for the interpretation of gait pathologies
usually include a complete physical examination, biplanar videotaping, and multiple walks
of the “instrumented” subject along a walkway that is commonly both level and smooth.
Measurement Approach
Motion Measurement
A number of alternative technologies are available for the measurement of body segment
spatial position and orientation. These include the use of electrogoniometry, high-speed
photography, accelerometry, and video-based digitizers.
Electrogoniometry Acelerometery and video based digitizers

Cell Biomechanics
Building biomechan
from the cell up
Cell Biomechanics
• Mechanics affects human biology and disease at the fundamental level of
biological cells.
• Factors such as force, adhesivity, organization, and material properties, can

influence the structure-function relationship in tissue. This occurs naturally
through a process known as mechanotransduction, which is the conversion of
mechanical factors into biochemical changes, and can influence cellular
functions such as
• Proliferation
• Differentiation
• Migration
• Apoptosis

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Measuring Devices In Biomechanics

 Biomechanics is the science concerned with

 Necessary to study the body’s mechanical

 Strong muscles are able to produce more

 EMGs can be used to detect abnormal electrical activity of

1. Muscles Disuse Atrophy

 CH represents a tissue property, which provides more

Gait analysis is the quantitative measurement and

Examples of clinical pathologies currently served by

• Cerebral palsy (CP)

• Degenerative joint disease

• Traumatic brain injury.

Electrogoniometry Acelerometery and video based digitizers

• Factors such as force, adhesivity, organization, and material properties, can

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