UNIT – I : 1G AND 2G
First Generation (1G): 1G Systems – General 1G
System Architecture – Generic MTSO Configuration
– Generic Cell Site Configuration – Call Setup
Scenarios – Handoff – Frequency Reuse – Spectrum
Allocation – Channel Band Plan.
1G Systems
Cellular System.
Three-sector configuration
Basic Network Architecture
TDMA-FDMA
HAND OVER
IG COMMUNICATION
Frequency reuse
Mobility of the subscriber
Handoffs
1G TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) is the cellular standard that was developed for use in
North America. This type of system operates in the 800-MHz frequency band. AMPS systems have
also been deployed in South America, Asia, and Russia.
Narrow Band AMPS (NAMPS) is a product that is used in part of the United States, Latin
America, and other parts of the world. NAMPS is a cellular standard that was developed as an
interim platform between 1G and 2G systems and was developed by Motorola. Specifically,
TACS(Total Access Communication Services) is a cellular band that was derived from the AMPS
technology. TACS systems operate in both the 800-MHz band and the 900-MHz band. The first system
of this kind was implemented in England. Later these systems were installed in Europe, Hong Kong,
Singapore, and the Middle East. A variation of this standard was implemented in Japan, JTACS.
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) is the cellular standard that was developed by the Nordic countries
of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway in 1981. This type of system was designed to operate
in the 450-MHz and in the 900-MHz frequency bands. These are noted as NMT 450 and NMT 900.
NMT systems have also be deployed throughout Europe, Asia, and Australia.
1G TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
General 1G system.
General MTSO (mobile telephone
system office)configuration.
Cell site configuration
Radio transmission
equipment for a
cellular base station
Mobile-to-land
call setup.
Land-to-mobile
call setup
Mobile-to-mobile
call setup.
HANDS OFF
FREQ- RESUSE
N7 frequency reuse pattern
2G Technology Platforms
Analog and digital radio.
Enhancements over 1G Systems
Increased capacity over analog
Reduced capital infrastructure costs
Reduced the capital per subscriber cost
Reduced cellular fraud
Improved features
Encryption
GSM - Global System for Mobile
Communications
Increased service capacity
International roaming,
High-speech quality,
Increased security,
Capability to develop advanced systems features.
TDMA (IS-54/IS-136)
Increased system capacity, up to three times over analog
Improved protection for adjacent channel interference
Authentication
Voice privacy
Reduced infrastructure capital to deploy
Short message services
CDMA
GSM Network Architecture
BSSAP Protocol Layers
BSS Operation and
Maintenance Application Part
(BSSOMAP)
Direct Transfer
Application Part (DTAP)
BSS Management Application Part
(BSSMAP)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
The GSM Air Interface
GSM is a TDMA system, with Frequency
Division Duplex (FDD).
It uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK) as the modulation scheme.
Types of Air Interface Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) This is broadcast by the BTS
and used for frequency correction of the MS.
Synchronization Channel (SCH) This is broadcast by the BTS and is
used by a mobile station for frame synchronization. It addition to frame
synchronization information, it also contains the Base Station Identity
Code (BSIC).
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) This is used to broadcast
general information regarding the BTS and the network in general. It is
also used to indicate the configuration of the Common Control Channels
(CCCH) described in the following section
The CCCH is a bidirectional control channel used primarily for
functions related to initial access by a mobile station. It has a
number of components
Paging Channel (PCH) This is used for the paging of mobile stations.
Random Access Channel (RACH) This is used only in the uplink
direction. It is used by a mobile station to request the allocation of a
Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) described later.
Access Grant Channel (AGCH) This is used in the downlink in
response to an access request received on the RACH. It is used to
allocate an MS to an SDCCH or directly to a Traffic Channel (TCH)
Notification Channel (NCH) This is used with voice group call and
voice broadcast services to notify mobile stations regarding such calls.
A number of dedicated control channels exist. These are channels that
are used by one mobile station at a time, typically either during call
establishment or while a call is in progress. The dedicated control
channels are as follows:
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) This is a
bidirectional channel used for communication with an MS when the MS
is not using a TCH. The SDCCH is used, for example, for Short Message
Service (SMS) when the MS is not in a call,
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) This is a unidirectional
or bidirectional channel, used when the MS is using a TCH or SDCCH.
For example, when an MS in engaged in a call on a TCH, power control
messages from a BTS to an MS are sent on the SACCH.
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) This is associated with
a given TCH and thus is used when the mobile is involved in a call. It is
typically used to transmit non-voice information to and from the MS.
GSM Location
update
Mobile to land
call flow diagram.
Land-to-mobile
call flow diagram.
Inter-BSC Handover
IS-136 System Description
were designed to allow significant compatibility with
analog AMPS so that dual-mode handsets could be
developed at a reasonable cost.
IS-54 represents the first step in moving from analog
AMPS to digital technology and is often known as
Digital AMPS (D-AMPS)
IS-54 could be called a generation 2.5 technology
The IS-54 Digital Voice Channel
IS-54 takes the existing 30-kHz AMPS voice channel and, applying Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM), divides the 30-kHz channel
In IS-54, typically three users are supported on a given RF channel.
increase in capacity over analog AMPS
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) -transmission of control and
supervisory information between the mobile and the network
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)- mobile’s experience of the
RF conditions.
Digital Traffic Channel (DTC)
Guard Time This field is three symbols (six bits) in
duration. It is used as a buffer between adjacent time slots
used by different mobiles and enables compensation for
variations in
distance between the mobile and the base station.
Ramp Time This is a three-symbol duration allowing for a
ramp up of the RF power.
Sync This is a special synchronization pattern, which is
unique for a given time slot. It is used for correct time
alignment.
CDVCC This is the Coded Digital Voice Color Code, which
is analogous to the Supervisory Audio Tone used in analog
AMPS. It is used to detect co-channel interference.
Transmit and receive offset
A time offset between the
downlink and the uplink
corresponds to one time
slot plus 45 symbol
periods (207 symbol
periods total or 8.5185
ms), with the downlink
lagging the uplink.
Therefore, the mobile does
not transmit and receive
simultaneously.
IS-S4 Speech Coding. IS-54, the speech-
coding technique uses Vector Sum Excited
Linear Prediction (VSELP).
MAHO- mobile assisted hand-off
For the MAHO process, the mobile measures the received
signal strength level (RSSI) received from the cell site.
The mobile also performs a bit error rate (BER) test and a
frame error rate (FER) test as another performance metric.
The mobile also measures the signals from a maximum of
six potential digital hand-off candidates, utilizing either a
dedicated control channel or a beacon channel
IS-95 System Description
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), also known as IS-95 and J-
STD008, is a spread spectrum.
The IS-95 technology has been championed by many system operators
in the United State and Asia.
CDMA is based on the principal of direct sequence (DS) and is a
wideband spread spectrum technology. The CDMA channel utilized is
reused in every cell of the system and is differentiated by the
pseudorandom number (PN) code that it utilizes
IS-95A/B simplified system
architecture.
PCS system CDMA antenna
configuration:
(a) one carrier
with three
antennas,
(b) single
carrier with
two antennas,
(c) multiple
carriers with
three
antennas
CDMA and AMPS antenna
configurations:
(a) three
antennas,
(b) a separate
AMPS and CDMA
system
IS-95 pilot channel
locations.
Multiple CDMA carriers.
CDMA forward channel.
Forward channel
pilot channel, one sync channel, up to seven paging channels, and
potentially 64 traffic channels.
The cell site transmits the pilot and sync channels for the mobile to use
when acquiring and synchronizing with the CDMA system.
The paging channel also transmitted by the cell site is used by the
subscriber unit to monitor and receive messages that might be sent to
it during the mobile station idle state or system access state
The cell site can utilize a possible 512 different time offset values.
The sync channel provides the mobile with the timing and system
configuration information.
Reverse channel
The reverse CDMA channel consists of an access channel and the traffic
channel. The access channel provides communication from the mobile
to the cell site when the subscriber unit is not utilizing a traffic channel.
One access channel is paired with a paging channel and each access
channel has its own PN code.
The reverse channel also has two distinct elements used for making
power adjustments. The two elements are the open loop estimate of
the transmit power, which is performed solely by the subscriber unit
without any feedback from the cell site itself.The second element is the
closed loop correction for these errors in the estimation of the transmit
power.
CDMA mobile
origination
CDMA
mobile
termination.
Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
Features of iDEN
Working
Cellular Digital Packet Data
