Chapter 1 Introduction to

Algorithms, PsudoCode
Programs, and Java

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 Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to
the computer.

You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without

programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do
not understand human languages, so you need to use
computer languages to communicate with them.

Programs are written using programming languages.

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Designing & Documenting Programs
To understand, analyze a problem statement
and develop an algorithm to solve the problem,
we use program development techniques (flow-
charts, pseudo-code, Algorithms, etc.):
1. Structured Programming: Major steps in
structured programming include:
1. Define the problem;
2. Identify input, output, and processes;
3. Design algorithm; AND / OR Develop flowchart, pseudo-
code, etc.;
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4. Code the program -- write the program;
5. Test the program --run it;
6. Debug the program (fix errors if any);
7. Document completed program (final pseudo-code, flowchart,
print chart, etc.).
2. Flow Charts:
1. A flow chart is defined as
 a pictorial representation
 describing a procedure;
1. Provides
 people
 (Developers,
 programmers
 , etc.) with a
 common language or symbolic reference point;
 (Use: MS Visio)
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 3. An algorithm is a formula or set of steps for solving a
particular problem;
1. A clear set of rules; and
2. Have a clear stopping point.

3. Algorithms can be expressed in any language, from natural

languages like English or French or Hindi to programming

languages like QBASIC, C, etc.
4. Example: Add Two numbers, display both numbers and the sum:

1. START
2. Input number1, number2
3. Sum = number1 + number2
4. Display heading message “Number1, Number2, Sum”
5. Display number1, number2, Sum
6. End
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5. Pseudo-code:
1. An outline of a program or algorithm, written in a form that
can easily be converted into real programming statements;
2. E.g. the pseudo-code for a bubble sort routine might be
written:
• while not at end of list
• compare adjacent elements
• if second is greater than first
• switch them
• get next two elements
• if elements were switched
• repeat for entire list

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 START

READ Numer1,
Number2

SUM =
Number1+Number2

DISPLAY “ SUM,
Numer1, Number2”

DISPLAY SUM,
Numer1, Number2

END
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5. Pseudo-code: An outline of a program or algorithm,
written in a form that can easily be converted into real
programming statements;
1. Example: The pseudo-code to add two numbers might be
written:
– Start
– Input number1, number2
– Sum = number1 + number2
– Display heading message “Number1, Number2, Sum”
– Display number1, number2, Sum
– End
2. Can not be compiled nor executed, and there are no real
formatting or syntax rules.
6. Caution: Never write your program before either
Algorithming, flowcharting or pseudo-coding it.

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Develop a Java program to Compute the Volume
and Dimensional weight of a box?
1. Analysis:

Outputs Box_Volume, Box_D_Weight;

1) Outputs:
2) Inputs:
Height, length, width;
3) Processing:
1) Box_Volume = height * length * width;
2) Box_D_Weight = (Box_Volume + 165)/166;
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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2. Algorithm:
1. Start;
2. Input height, length, width;
3. Compute:
1. Box_Volume = height * length * width;
2. Box_D_Weight = (Box_Volume + 165)/166;

4. Output Box_Volume, Box_D_Weight;

5. End.
3. DRY RUN The Algorithm;
4. 10 Code the algorithm in java:
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions

built into every computer. The instructions are in
the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary
codes for various instructions. Program with native
machine language is a tedious process. Moreover
the programs are highly difficult to read and
modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:

1101101010011010
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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Assembly languages were developed to make

programming easy. Since the computer cannot understand
assembly language, however, a program called assembler is
used to convert assembly language programs into machine
code. For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

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 Interpreting/Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called
a source program or source code. Because a
computer cannot understand a source program, a
source program must be translated into machine
code for execution. The translation can be done
using another programming tool called an
interpreter or a compiler.

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 Interpreting Source Code
An interpreter reads one statement from the source
code, translates it to the machine code or virtual
machine code, and then executes it right away, as
shown in the following figure. Note that a statement
from the source code may be translated into several
machine instructions.

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 Compiling Source Code
A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is
then executed, as shown in the following figure.

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 Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is a
program that manages and controls
a computer’s activities. The
popular operating systems for
general-purpose computers
are Microsoft Windows, Mac
OS, and Linux. Application
programs, such as a Web
browser or a word processor,
cannot run unless an
operating system is installed
and running on the computer.

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 Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and deploy
applications on the Internet for servers, desktop computers, and
small hand-held devices. The future of computing is being
profoundly influenced by the Internet, and Java promises to
remain a big part of that future. Java is the Internet
programming language.

Java is a general purpose programming language.

Java is the Internet programming language.

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 Java, Web, and Beyond
 Java can be used to develop standalone
applications.
 Java can be used to develop applications
running from a browser.
 Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices.
 Java can be used to develop applications for
Web servers.

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 JDK Editions
 Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side
standalone applications or applets.
 Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side
applications such as Java servlets, Java
ServerPages, and Java ServerFaces.
 Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for
mobile devices such as cell phones.
This book uses J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Popular Java IDEs
 NetBeans
 Eclipse

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 A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Note: Clicking the green button displays the source code

Welcome with interactive animation. You can also run the code in
a browser. Internet connection is needed for this button.
Run Note: Clicking the blue button runs the code from
Windows. If you cannot run the buttons, see
liveexample.pearsoncmg.com/slide/javaslidenote.doc.

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Creating and Editing Using NotePad
To use NotePad, type
notepad Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Creating and Editing Using WordPad
To use WordPad, type
write Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
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 Creating, Compiling, and
Running Programs

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is
a software that interprets Java bytecode.

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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Two More Simple Examples

WelcomeWithThreeMessages Run
ComputeExpression Run

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 Compiling and Running Java
from TextPad
Companion
Website

 See Supplement II.A on the Website for details

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 Anatomy of a Java Program
 Class name
 Main method
 Statements
 Statement terminator
 Reserved words
 Comments
 Blocks

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 Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class.
Each class has a name. By convention, class names
start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the
class name is Welcome.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a
class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!“.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Reserved words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

Class block
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

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 Special Symbols

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.

" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.

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 { …}

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ( … )

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ;

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 // …

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 "…"

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 Programming Style and
Documentation
 Appropriate Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
 Block Styles

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 Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its key
features, its supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses.

Include your name, class section, instructor, date,

and a brief description at the beginning of the
program.

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 Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the
name. For example, the class name
ComputeExpression.

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 Proper Indentation and Spacing
 Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

 Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

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 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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 Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

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 Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}

ShowSyntaxErrors Run

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 Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}

ShowRuntimeErrors Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}

ShowLogicErrors Run

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