Dept of CSE

IoT Connectivity Technologies

Connectivity technologies can be integrated with existing sensing,

actuation, and processing solutions for extending connectivity to them.

Some of these solutions necessarily require integration with a minimal

form of processing infrastructure, such as Wi-Fi. In contrast, others, such
as Zigbee, can work in a standalone mode altogether, without the need
for externalprocessing and hardware support.
Dept of CSE
 IEEE 802.15.4

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard represents the most popular

standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks
(WPAN) [1]. This standard was developed to enable monitoring
and control applications with lower data rate and extend the
operational life for uses with low-power consumption.

This standard uses only the first two layers—physical and data
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1) logical link control (LLC) and

2) 2) service-specific convergence sublayer (SSCS)

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 The IEEE 802.15.4 standard supports two types of devices:

1) reduced function device (RFD) and

2) full-function devices (FFD). FFDs can talk to all types of

devices
and support full protocol stacks

Dept of CSE
 The IEEE 802.15.4 standard supports two network types:

1) Beacon-enabled networks and

2) non-beacon-enabled networks.

The periodic transmission of beacon messages characterizes beacon-

enabled networks. Here, the data frames sent via slotted CSMA/CA with
a super frame structure managed by a personal area network
(PAN) coordinator

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In contrast, for non-beacon-enabled networks, unslotted CSMA/CA
(contentionbased)
is used for transmission of data frames, and beacons are used only for
link layer discovery
Dept of CSE
 Zigbee

The Zigbee radio communication is designed for enabling wireless

personal area
networks (WPANs).

It uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for defining its physical and
medium access control (layers 1 and 2 of the OSI stack). Zigbee
finds common usage in sensor and control networks [4].

Dept of CSE Zigbee supports various network configurations such as

master-to-master
communication or master-to-slave communication
 Zigbee

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 Zigbee

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 Zigbee

Physical Layer: This layer is tasked with transmitting and

receiving signals, and
performing modulation and demodulation operations on them,
respectively.

MAC Layer: This layer ensures channel access and reliability of

data
transmission. CSMA-CA is used for channel access and intra-
Dept of CSE channel
interference avoidance.

Network Layer: This layer handles operations such as setting

up the network,
connecting and disconnecting the devices, configuring the
devices, and routing

Application Support Sub-Layer: This layer handles the

interfacing services,
control services, bridge between network and other layers, and
 Thread

Thread is built upon the IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard; it is

used for extremely
low power consumption and low latency deployments . Unlike
Zigbee, Thread can extend direct Internet connectivity to the
devices it is connected with

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 Thread removes the need for a mobile phone
or a proprietary gateway to be in the range of
devices for accessing the Internet.

It is specially designed for IoT with the need

Dept of CSE for interoperability, security, power, and
architecture addressed in a single radio
platform
Thread is built on open standards to
achieve a low-power wireless mesh
networking protocol with universal Internet
Protocol (IP) support
Dept of CSE
 ISA100.11A-International Society of
Automation

It uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard as a base for building its

protocol
An ISA100.11A wireless network utilizes the 2.4 GHz frequency band
for
communication, similar to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. To avoid interference
over wireless
Dept of CSE channels in the same band, it uses frequency hopping spread
spectrum (FHSS) over
The ISA100.11A a
architecture consists of
total
the of 16 channels.
following:

1) field device and

2) Backbone devices

The ISA100.11A architecture

provides support for mesh, star, and star–mesh topologies.
 The average ISA100.11A protocol stack consists of five different
layers:
1) Application layer, 2) transport layer, 3) network layer, 4) data
link layer, and
5) physical layer

Dept of CSE
 WirelessHART

WirelessHART can be considered as the wireless evolution of the

highway addressable remote transducer (HART) protocol

WirelessHART can communicate with a central control system in

any of the two ways:

Dept of CSE 1) Direct and

2) indirect.

Direct communication is achieved when the devices transmit data

directly
to the gateway in a clear LOS (typically 250 m).

Indirect communication is achieved

between devices in a mesh and a gateway when messages jump
from device to
device until it reaches the gateway.
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 RFID

RFID stands for radio frequency identification. This technology

uses tags and readers for communication

RFID tags have data encoded onto them digitally. The RFID
readers can read the values encoded in these tags without
physically touching them
The automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technology
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considered as the precursor of RFID
Typically, RFID systems are made
up of three components:
1) RFID tag or smart label,
2) RFID reader, and
3) antenna
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 NFC -Near field communication
Developed by Philips and Sony as a short-range wireless connectivity
standard, enabling peer-to-peer (P2P) data exchange network.
Communication between NFC devices is achieved by the principle of
magnetic induction, whenever the devices are brought close to one
another
The communication between compatible devices requires a pair of
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NFC devices can be grouped into two types:

1) passive NFC and

2) active NFC
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 DASH7-Dynamic Adaptive
Streaming over HTTP
The DASH7 protocol is based on an active RFID standard . It
operates in the 433
MHz frequency band and is being rapidly accepted in agriculture,
vehicles, mobiles,
and other consumer electronics-related applications
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 Z-Wave
Z-Wave is an economical and less complicated alternative to
Zigbee. It was developed by Zensys, mainly for home
automation solutions
It boasts of a power consumption much lower than Wi-Fi, but with ranges
greater than Bluetooth. This feature makes Z-Wave significantly useful for
home IoT use by enabling inter-device communication between Z-wave
integrated sensors, locks, home power distribution systems, appliances,
and heating systems

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 Weightless

Weightless is yet another emerging open standard for enabling

networked
communication in IoT; it is especially useful for low-power wide
area networks

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 Sigfox
Sigfox is a low-power connectivity solution, which was developed for
various
businesses such as building automation and security, smart
metering, agriculture,
and others

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 LoRa
LoRa or long range is a patented wireless technology for
communication developed
by Cycleo of Grenoble, France for cellular-type communications
aimed at providing
connectivity to M2M and IoT solutions

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 NB-IoT
NB-IoT or narrowband IoT is an initiative by the Third Generation
Partnership
Project (3GPP) to develop a cellular standard, which can coexist with
cellular systems
NB-IoT communication
(2G/3G/4G), can either make
be highly interoperable and use
that too using minimum
of the
power available 200-kHz GSM (global system for mobile
communications) bands or
be allocated resource blocks on the guard bands by LTE(Long-Term
Evolution) base stations
Dept of CSE
 Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi or WiFi is technically referred to by its standard, IEEE 802.11,

and is a wireless
technology for wireless local area networking of nodes and devices
built upon similar
standards (Figure 7.25)

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 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is defined by the IEEE 802.15.1 standard and is a
short-range wireless communication technology operating
at low power to enable communication among two or more
Bluetooth-enabled devices

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