The Nervous System

Definition:
The system which is responsible to adjust the body in response to either
external or internal environmental changes is known as nervous system.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

o Origin of nervous system: Ectodermal

o Special properties: Excitability and conductivity

Multipolar
 Neurons

Functions of the following parts of neurons:

1.Dendrites: Receive impulse.

2.Nissl’s granules: They are basophyllic granules

composed of many thin, parallely arranged ,
membrane bound cavities.
Function: Protein synthesis.

1.Axon : Conducts impulse away from cyton

2.Myelin sheath: Resemble plasmamembrane of

the cell. Serves as insulating layer and prevent loss
of energy.
 Formation of Myelin Sheath.

1.An axon lying near a Schwann cell invaginates into the cytoplasm of the Schwann cell.
2.The plasma membrane of a Schwann cell extends and becomes greatly elongated and comes to be spirally
wound around the axon, which is thus surrounded by many layers of plasma membrane.
3.These layers form myelin sheath consisting of alternating concentric layers of lipid and protein materials.
4.Outside the myelin sheath, an additional sheath, called the neurilemma is formed.
5.In fact the neurilemma is Schwann cell cytoplasm which is also called Schwann cell sheath. Schwann cell
nucleus is also present in a segment of myelin sheath.
 1. Apolar neuron == Without any process. Location Cutaneous neuron

2. Unipolar == With a single process. Location== in embryonic state in

vertebrate.

3. Bipolar neuron == * Has two processes . * Location = Olfactory cells, retina,

sensory cell of ear.
4. Pseudounipolar neuron === *Bears single process which bifercates to
form an axon and a dendron. * Location = Spinal ganglia.

5. Multipolar neuron === * Has more than two processes. * location

Motor neuron of spinal cord.
 Neuroglia = Glial cells

These are supporting cells which form a packing around the neurons in
the brain and spinal cord.

Function:
1.Support.
2.Insulation
3.Phagocytosis
4.Actively dividing.
5.They do not form synapse.

Types
1.Astrocytes:= *Star shaped, *Has number of processes, *Located in
brain and grey matter.
2.Oligodendroglia = has fewer short processes, Nucleus with cytoplasm,
Location= Medullary nerve fibers
3.Microglia = Smallest glial cell, Located in grey matter, Phagocytic in
nature.
 Ependermal cells (=Ependyma)

They form epithelium that lines the cavity in the brain ventricles and spinal
cord (central canal) which absorb CSF, and help in movement of CSF. They
are ciliated.
 Neurosecretory cells

These are specialized nerve cells which function as endocrine

organs. They secrete neurohormones. Locater in hypothalamus of
brain.
Parameters Myelinated axon Non-myelinated axon
Myelin sheath Present Absent
Neurolemma Present Present
Schwann cells Present Present
Node of ranvier Present Absent
Location Cranial and spinal Autonommic and neural
nerves system
1. Describe the transmission of nerve impulse through (i) myalinated neuron and
(ii) Non-myelinated neuron.
2. Describe the transmission of nerve impulse through chemical synapse.
3. Define: Polarized state, Depolarization, Repolarization, Resting Membrane
potential , Action potential, Synaptic fatigue, Synaptic delay, Refractory period.
4. What are neurotransmitters? Name excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
5. What is synapse? What is cholinergic synapse and adrenergic synapse.
Questions from Nervous system
1.Describe transmission of nerve impulses through non-myelinated neuron.
2.Describe transmission of nerve impulses through myelinated neuron (or saltatory
movement).
3.Describe transmission of nerve impulses through Chemical synapse.
4.Define
1. Polarization
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolatization
5. Resting Membrane Potential
6. Action potential
7. Synaptic fatigue
8. Synaptic delay
9. Synapse
10. Neurotransmitter.
5.Name two neurotransmitters. One excitatory and one inhibitory neurotransmitter.
6.Define cholinergic synapse and adrenergic Synapse
7.Describe the structure of Chemical synapse and electric synapse..
 Describe conduction of nerve impulse through the nerve.

Neuron has two specialized properties for conduction of nerve impulse –

I) Irritability : Irritability is the capacity to respond to environmental stimuli.
I. Resting membrane potential and polarized state:
II. Depolarization and Action potential
III. Repolarization
II) Conductivity. Conductivity is the ability to conduct a “current” of electrochemical impulses
` along its own length and then to transmit it to the next neuron or
effectors.
 Polarized state :
In resting state of neuron, Out side of the
cell is positively charged due to higher
Why out side of neuron is positive? concentration of Na+ ions and inside is
Ans. Due to presence of higher concentration relatively negatively charged due to less
of Na-ions. concentration of Na+ inside of the cell.
Why inside of the neuron is negative?
1.Movement of K-ions leaving is more than Resting membrane potential: In polarized state the
Na-ions enter. potential difference between outside of the cell and inside
2.Presence of Cl- ions inside. of the cell.
3.Presence of organic anion inside. State the role of Na-K pump.
It is responsible for differential exchange of Na and
K ions against concentration gradients to etablish
polarized state of neuron.
 Depolarized state: Due to
appearance of stimulus, Na+
Why inside of neuron become positive and channel opens as a result Na+
outside negative during depolatized state? enters from outside of the cell to
Na-pump open and influx of Na –ions become inside which makes the outside of
rapid which makes inside positive. the cell negatively charged and
inside of the cell positively charged.
This state of the cell is called
How Na-pump is open? depolarized state.
Due to appearance of stimuli.

Action potential or Impulse: The potential difference between outside and inside of membrane of
neuron during depolatized state.
1st phase: Na pump is closed. No farther entry of Na ions. K-ions are efluxed and initially
established a outside positive and inside negative.
2nd Phase: Na-K pump slowly re-establish the polarized state i.e. Na concentration is
higher in outside and K- inside.
This phases are known as Repolarized state.
 The resting membrane
potential slowly established
using Na+-K+ pump by which
Na+ ions move out and K+
move in from outside of
nerve cell. The entire
process of repolarization
requires some time during
which the nerve cannot be
stimulated again. This
period is known as
refractory period.

K+ ion channels remain open for a bit longer period during repolarization that enhance K ion
eflux for longer period,so that the membrane potential becomes more negative than -70 mV.
It is called hyperpolarisation.
 Mechanism of transmission of nerve impulse through neuron
ECF = Extracellular fluid Na+ concentration higher
Out side of the cell

ICF = Intracellular
fluid= inside of cell Na+ concentration lower

Polarized state :
In resting state of neuron, Out side of the cell is positively charged due to
higher concentration of Na+ ions and inside is relatively negatively
charged due to less concentration of Na+ inside of the cell.

Resting membrane potential: In polarized state the

potential difference between outside of the cell and inside
of the cell.
 ECF = Extracellular fluid Na+ concentration lower
Out side of the cell Na pump

ICF = Intracellular Na+ concentration higher

fluid= inside of cell

Na+ - channel

Depolarized state: Due to appearance of stimulus, Na+ channel opens as a result Na+ enters from
outside of the cell to inside which makes the outside of the cell negatively charged and inside of the
cell positively charged. This state of the cell is called depolarized state.

Action potential: The potential difference between membrane of neuron during

depolatized state.
Mechanism of transmission of nerve impulse through neuron
All or None law: The action potential in a single nerve fibre is ‘ all or none’ is
character i.e. , when a stimulus is applied, either the axon does not respond with
a spike production or it responds to the maximum of its ability.

Refractory period: If two successive stimuli of more than threshold intensity are
applied to a nerve, the nerve is unable to respond to the second stimulus for
quite some time i.e. the nerve has become refractory to subsequent stimulation.
 Synapse

What is Synapse?
Types of synapse:
 Structure of Chemical Synapse
Synapse is the point of contact between the terminal branches of the axon
of a neuron with the dendrites of another neuron separates by a fine gap.

Structure of synapse

Pre-synaptic membrane
Post-synaptic membrane
synaptic membrane

Receptor

synaptic Vesicles (with Synaptic Cleft

neurotransmitter)
Cholinergic synapse = Receptor-Acetylcholine complex = Acetylcholinesterase
Adrenergic synapse = Receptor-Adrenaline complex = Monaminesterase
 Structure of electrical synapse

1. Synaptic cleft = 0.2nm = Absent

2. No neurotransmitters.
3. Bidirectional.
4. Very Rare
 Properties Chemical Electrical
synapse synapse
Neurotransmitter Present Absent

Direction of Impulse Unidirectional Bidirectional

movement
Synaptic cleft Present Absent

Abundance Mainly Rare

Synaptic Delay: The time taken for an impulse to cross a synapse is called synaptic delay.

Synaptic fatigue: It is a temporary suspension of impulse transmission in the region of synapse due
to exhaustion of its neurotransmitter.
1. Na ions move from A to B.
2. Na ions in B section
stimulate the entry of Na
ions.
3. + ve charge also moves
from A to B inside of the
membrane and + ve charge
out side of the membrane
move from B to A.
4. As a result action potential
conducted from A to B
section of neuron.
Which of the following is the main ion involved in nerve impulse
transmission
(a)Ca2+ (b) Na +© Mg2+ (d) K+
Which of these is an excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
a.GABA
b.Glycine
c.Glutamate
d.Acetylcholine
Which of these is an excitatory neurotransmitter in neuro-mascular
junction
a.Epnephrine
b.Glycine
c.Glutamate
d.Acetylcholine

Which of the following is the main ion involved in transmission of neuro-

mascular junction (synapse)
(a)Ca2+ (b) Na +© Mg2+ (d) Fe
 + +
[K ] [N a ] [C l - ]
ECF (5 m M ) (1 5 0 m M ) (1 2 0 m M )
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
[K ] [N a +] [A - ]
IC F (1 5 m M ) A xon
(1 5 0 m M ) (1 0 0 m M )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Segm en t
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Fig.1. Polarized state of nerve fibre. (A- denotes organic anions).

Polarization state is developed due to the following ionic distribution in a neuron:

 High concentration of Na+, Ca 2+ and Cl- ions out side the cell.

 High concentration of K+ and organic anions inside the cell.

 Membrane of neuron is highly impermeable to Na+, Cl- ions, less to Ca 2+ and permeable to K+ and
also impermeable to organic ions (A-).

 Na+-K+ pump activity maintains Na+ and K+ concentration at a steady level.

- - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + - - - - - - - - -

A xon
+ + + + + - - - - - - - - -
Segm en t

- - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +

Fig. 2. Depolarization of nerve fibre.

 1 s t A ction P oten tial 2 n d A ction P oten tial
K.
+ Fig. 3.
+ + + + + - - - - - + + + +
Repolarization of nerve fibre
- - - - - - - - - - - -
+
K.
A xon
- - - - - - + + + + - - - -
Segm en t
+ + + + - - - - - + + + + +
+
K.
 Conduction of nerve impulse
1s t A ction P oten tial
Step-I:
- - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + - - - - - - - - -

A xon
+ + + + + - - - - - - - - - Segm en t

- - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +

Step-II
1 s t A ction P oten tial 2 n d A ction P oten tial
+
K.
+ + + + + - - - - - + + + +

- - - - - - - - - - - -
+
K.
A xon
- - - - - - + + + + - - - -
Segm en t
+ + + + - - - - - + + + + +
+
K.

Step-III
2n d A ction P oten tial 3r d A ction P oten tial
+
K.
+ + + + + + + + + - - - - - - +

- - - - - - - - + + + + - -
+
K. A xon
- - - - - - - - - + + + + - -
Segm en t
+ + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + +
+
K.
 Nervous system

Nervous System

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nerves Autonomic Nervous

System

Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
System System
 Brain

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

Corpora quadrigemina
Functions:
Controls visual & Auditory reflexes

Crura cerebri
Functions:
Co-ordination between hind & forebrain

Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus

Functions: Functions: Functions:
Conscious sensation Acts as relay station Control centre of Autonomic nervous
Will, Centre of crude sensation eg. system, hunger, thirst, sweating,
Skilled work Touch, pressure etc. temperature, sex, love, hate, anger,
Intelligence Arousal & alerting reaction satisfaction, pleasure, metabolism of
Other voluntary activities carbohydrate, protein & fat
Reflexes: Laughing, weeping,
micturation, breathing etc.

Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Pons

Functions: Functions: Functions:
Controls Controls Controls
Posture Heart beat Visceral activities
Orientation Breathing Secretion of saliva
Equilibrium Vasodilation & vesoconstriction Visceral reflexes of the body
Involuntary muscular coordination Swallowing of food Site of origin of V, VI, VII & VIII cranial nerves
Voluntary movement Vomiting & Gland secretion
 Corpus
callosum
Cerebral Hypothalamus
hemisphere
Thalamus

Epithalamus

Pineal gland

Olfactory lobe
Cereballum

Pituitary gland
Arbour vitae
Mammillary body

Crura cerebrae Iter

Pons
Spinal cord

Medulla oblongata
 The human cerebral cortex.
Each side of the cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, and each lobe has
specialized functions, some of which are listed here. Some areas on the left side
of the brain (shown here) have different functions from those on the right side (not
shown).
 Mention the name of cerebral lobe and their major functions.

Cerebral Lobe Major functions(s)

Frontal lobe Inner monitoring of complex thoughts and action, creative ideas, translation of
perceptions and memories into plans of muscle movement, reality testing by
judgement, intellectual insight, ability to abstract, reasoning, decision making,
expression of emotions, willpower and personality.

Parietal lobe Registration of sensory perception of touch, pain, heat and cold, knowledge
about position in space, taking in information from environment, organising it

and communicating to rest of brain.

Temporal lobe
Decoding and interpretation of sound,language comprehension, smell,
memory and emotion.

Occipital lobe Decoding and interpretation of visual information shape and colour.
 Limbic System

•Limbic System
Flared like a wish bone a ring or fork, through extensive
neural links with the cerebrum and the brain stem below,
constitute what is called limbic (meaning lip-like) system.
This system sends out signals to the rest of the brain and
the body which have great effect on human behavior (thus
called ‘emotional brain’).
Limbic system includes hypothalamus, amygdala,
hippocampus, septum, anterior nucleus of thalamus
and portion of basal ganglia.
•Amygdala
almond-shaped structure located above the
hypothalamus, attached to the interior lips of both forks of
limbic system, is called amygdala. This bulge of neurons
is like a defense castle controlling the moods, especially
anger and rage. Various regions of the amygdala play
important role in emotional behaviour, such as aggression
and remembering fear.
•Hippocampus
Taking its name from the Greek for "sea horse". whose
shape roughly resembles, the hippocampus make the
swollen lower lip of the limbic fork. The remarkable organ
deals with a strange mix of signals about smells and
memories. The hippocampus functions as a kind of index
for recall of an event its associated memory. The
hippocampus converts information from short-term to long-
term memory, essential in learning.
•Limbic System
Flared like a wish bone a ring or fork, through extensive neural links with the
cerebrum and the brain stem below, constitute what is called limbic (meaning
lip-like) system. This system sends out signals to the rest of the brain and the
body which have great effect on human behavior (thus called ‘emotional
brain’).
Limbic system includes hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum,
anterior nucleus of thalamus and portion of basal ganglia.
•Basal Ganglia
The inside of human brain is not so densely packed, but there are all kinds of different collections of
neurons, called nuclei, each with its specific functions. These control different body activities
automatically. Basal ganglia is a collection of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain, at the base of the
cortex. The largest nucleus in it is the corpus striatum.
Main Parts of Basal Ganglion: (i) Putament (ii) Globus pallidus (iii) Caudate nucleus (iv)
Amygdaloid nucleus (v) Claustrum.

Function: It regulates planning and execution of stereotyped movements. Other basal ganglia perform at
subconscious level learned pattern of movements like slow and fast pedalling; slow and fast writing/typing
etc.
•arbor vitae
A cross section of the cerebral hemisphere
shows branching tree-like arrangement of
grey and white matter is called arbor vitae.

•Basal Ganglia
The inside of human brain is not so densely packed, but
there are all kinds of different collections of neurons,
called nuclei, each with its specific functions. These
control different body activities automatically. Basal
ganglia is a collection of subcortical nuclei in the
forebrain, at the base of the cortex. The largest nucleus in
it is the corpus striatum. It regulates planning and
execution of stereotyped movements. Other basal ganglia
perform at subconscious level learned pattern of
movements like slow and fast pedalling; slow and fast
writing/typing etc.
Midbrain = Mesencephalon
1.Corpora quadrigemia
---- Superior colliculi-- receive impulses from eye, muscles of the
head and control visual reflexes
Inferior colliculi – Receives sensory impulses from ear –
Controls auditory reflexes
2. Cerebral peduncles – relay impulses between cerebrum and
cerebellum
State the functions of following parts of brain
1.Lobes of cerebral cortex – Frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal.
2.Cerebrum
3.Corpus callosum
4.Hypothalamus
5.Thalamus
6.Basal ganglia
7.Midbrain
8.Pons varolli
9.Medulla oblongata Vermis
10.Limbic system
11.Hippocampus
12.Amygdala.
 Different parts of cerebral cortex
Parts Lobe Function
Pre-frontal cortex Frontal Intelligence, Memory, Thought == Organ of mind

Pre-motor area Frontal Writing centre and writing related movement of eye

Motor area Frontal Motor command of vsceral muscles

Broca’s area Frontal Speech centre

Auditory area Temporal Hearing

Olfactory Temporal smell

Wernick’s area Temporal Language

Occipital area Occipital Vision

Angular gyrus Parietal Sensory analysis of writing

Somesthetic area Parietal Sensory analysis of touch, pressure and pain

Gustatory area Parietal Taste

 Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are the chemicals released from a presynaptic neuron that interact
with specific receptor sites of a postsynaptic neuron which help in transmission of
impulse.

Researchers have identified more than 100 neurotransmitters belonging to

five groups: acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and
gases

Inhibitor of pain
pathway of spinal cord
 Excitatory Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
1. Acetylcholine (except in 1. GABA
heart)
2. Glutamate 2. Glycine

3. Epinephrine 3. Dopamine

4. Norepinephrine 4. Serotonin
 Meninges (singular Meninx)

The brain is surrounded by three protective coats of connective tissue besides

the bony cranium
Three membranes:
Dura mater
Outer layer
White Fibrous membrane
Subdural space below this membrane filled with tissue fluid.
Arachnoid mater
Middle layer
Membranous
Presence of Sub-arachnoid space below the this membrane which
filled with CSF.

Pia matter
Inner layer
Delicate, transparent Vascular membrane
 Ventricles of Brain

The ventricles consist of four hollow, fluid filled spaces inside the brain.
 Ventricles of Brain
The ventricles consist of four hollow, fluid filled spaces inside the brain.
 Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)

It is a clear, colourless, transparent modified tissue fluid present in the

ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord and sub-arachnoid space.

The volume of CSF is about 150 ml in adult man

Functions
1.Mechanical buffer : Remaining inside and outside the central Nervous
system CSF equalises mechanical pressure between brain and cranium.
2.Nutrition and O2 : It supplies nutrition and 02 to nerve cells.
3.Removal of metabolic wastes : It removes metabolic wastes from
central nervous system.
4.Protection : Lymphocyte cells in CSF protect brain and nerve cells from
the attack of germs.
 Process of formation : (i) Filtration and (ii) Active secretion.
It is formed from blood capillaries and returned to blood by way of
veins. The rate of formation is 20 ml per hour and 500 ml per 'day in
adults.

Composition

CSF Plasma CSF Plasma

Composition Composition
mg/100 ml mg/100 ml mg/100 ml mg/100 ml
Protein 20-30 7000-8000 K 12 15-20
Glucose 50-80 68-96 Ca 5.3 10-11
Urea 10-30 16-35 CI 700-750 360-378
Uric Acid 0.5-2.2 2.9-6.9 Bicarbonate 50-75 50-75
Na 330 360-378 Inorganic PO4 1-2 2-5
Mg 3-3.6 1-3
 Peripheral Nervous system

Somatic nerves
1.Spinal nerves
2.Cranial nerves
Cervical Nerves ------------------- 8 pairs
Thoracic Nerves ------------------- 12 pairs
Lumber Nerves -------------------- 5 pairs
Sacral Nerves ----------------------- 5 pairs
Coccygeal Nerves ------------------ 1 pair

Characters of spinal nerves:

1. Origin : Grey matter of Spinal cord.
2. All spinal nerves are Mixed Nerves.
3. They comes out of the neural canal through
paired apertures.
Spinal nerves have two roots--- Ventral and
dorsal root.
 Cranial Nerves = 12 pairs

Ordinal No Name Origin Nature Distribution Major Function

1st Olfactory olfactory lobe sensory olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity smell

2nd Optic side of diencephalon sensory retina of eye sight

eye ball muscles, ciliary muscles, tear

3rd Oculomotor floor of midbrain motor movements of eye ball
glands

4th Trochlear floor of midbrain motor superior oblique muscle of eye ball rotation of eye ball

skin of nose, eye lids, fore head, oral

5th Trigeminal ventral side of pons mixed Mucosa, muscles of head, face, mouth sensation of touch and taste, muscle
movements
and tongue

6th Abducens ventral side of medulla motor external rectus muscle of eye ball rotation of eye ball

7th Facial side of medulla mixed taste buds, salivary glands, facial and taste, facial expression, saliva secretion,
neck muscles neck movements

8th Auditory side of medulla sensory internal ear hearing, equilibrium

mucous membrane and muscles of taste, saliva secretion, pharyngeal

9th Grossopharyngeal side of medulla mixed
pharynx and tongue contractions

gastric and pancreatic secretion, cardiac

pharynx, respiratory tract, slowing, gastro-intestinal movements;
10th Vagus side and floor of medulla mixed heart, pancreas, alimentary canal, respiratory, vasomotor
Blood vessels and
visceral reflexes

neck and shoulder muscles, thoracic

11th Spinal Accessory side of medulla motor muscle movements, visceral reflexes
and abdominal viscera

12th Hypoglossal ventral side of medulla motor muscles of tongue tongue movements
 Receptors

Receptors are specialized sensory nerve endings in the periphery which on

stimulation generate sensory nerve impulse.
Name of Receptor Types Stimulated by Examples
1. Meissner's corpuscle,
Mechanoreceptores (i) Tangoreceptors Touch and pressure Merkel's disc
(for mechanical Basket Nerve ending,
stimuli) pacinian Corpuscles

(ii) Phonoreceptors Sound waves Organ of Corti in internal ear

(iii) Statoreceptors Angular and linear Cristae and Maculae in
internal
ear
(iv)
Pain Free nerve endings
Algesireceptors
(v) Golgi-Mazzoni organs
Position of parts of body
Proprioreceptors
(vi) Rheoreceptors Lateral line sense organs in
Pressure and water
fish.
currents
(neuromast cells)
2. Photoreceptors Light wavelengths Retina in vertebrate eyes
(for visual stimuli) Ommatidia in compound
eyes
of Arthropods
3. Chemoreceptors (i) Gustato- Taste due to chemicals Taste buds of tongue
receptors in solution
(ii) Olfactory - Smell due to volatile Olfactory epithelium
receptors chemicals
Low temperature (10-
4. Thermoreceptors (i) For cold End Bulb of Krause in skin
20°C)

(ii) For Heat High temp. (25 - 40°C) Ruffini's organs in skin
 Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

Prepare body for emergency Normalize body after emergency is
over
 Sympathetic N S Parasympathetic N S
Origin From T1 to L2 From Cranial nerve III, VII,
IX, X and spinal nerve S2 –
S4
Ganglia More in number, Near Placed near to target organs,
spinal cord, form ganglionic Fewer, Not arranged in a
chain chain.
Synaptic Chain Present Such chain is absent
Pre-ganglionic Pre-ganglionic fibres are Pre-ganglionic fibres are
fibres and post shorter and post ganglionic longer and post ganglionic
ganglionic fiber fiber is long fiber is shorter

Neurotransmitter Nor-adrenaline and Acetylcholine

secretion from Post adrenaline
ganglionic fiber.
1. What is Reflex Action?
2. What s reflex arc?
3. Differentiate between inate and conditiona reflex action. With examples.
4. Draw labelled diagram of reflex arc.
5. Write the name of the components of reflex arc.
6. State the significance of reflex action.
Spinal Cord

Nerve
tract