Mathematics-I (M-I)

GTU # 3110014

Unit-4
Partial
Derivatives

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya

Humanities & Science Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
8160597689
Metho Local Extreme
d:7 Values
Local Extreme Values of Function of Two Variables

A point is said to be a stationary point of if

( )
𝜕f
𝜕x ( a , b)
=0∧
𝜕f
𝜕y ( ) ( a ,b )
=0 .

A stationary pointis said to be a saddle point of if at point

given function has neither local minima nor local maxima.

A local minimum OR local maximum of a function is called local

extreme values.

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 3

 Procedure to Find Local Extreme Values of
Function f(x, y)
𝜕f
∧𝜕 f
( 𝟏 ) . Find𝜕 x .
𝜕 y

𝜕f 𝜕f
( 𝟐 ) . Solv =0 , =0to find the stationary points
e 𝜕x 𝜕y
2 2 2
𝜕 f 𝜕 f 𝜕 f
( 𝟑 ) . Findr = 2 , s= & t= .
𝜕x 𝜕 x𝜕 y 𝜕y
2

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
( 𝟒 ) . Findr = 𝜕 f2 , s=
𝜕 f
& t=
𝜕 f
.
𝜕x ( a 1, b 1 ) 𝜕x𝜕 y (a1 , b1 ) 𝜕y
2
( a1 , b1 )

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 4

Procedure to Find Local Extreme Values of
Function f(x, y)
( 𝟓 ) . Findfor stationary point
( 𝟔 ) . Conclusion for stationary point from the following
table.
RESULT CONCLUSION
2 Function has local minimum
rt − s > 0∧ r >0 value
2 Function has local maximum
rt − s > 0∧ r <0
Function hasvalue
no local maxima
2
rt − s < 0 Nothing
minimacan
or local
besaddle
(i.e. said about
point)the
2 local

rt −s =0∨r=0 maxima or local minima.

It requires further
investigation.
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 5
Procedure to Find Local Extreme Values of
Function f(x, y)
( 𝟕 ) .Repeat step (4), (5) & (6) for all stationary
points.
( 𝟖 ) .Substitute the point in the given function to find the local
maximum
or local minimum value of the function at that
point, if possible.

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 6

Example of Local Extreme Values
Example Find extreme values of
2:
Solutio Here,
n:
𝜕f 𝜕f
=¿ 2 2
6
=¿ xy −30 y
𝜕 x 3 x +3 y −30 x+ 72 𝜕y

( )
2
𝜕 f 𝜕 𝜕 f 𝜕
r= ¿
2
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕x
¿
𝜕 x
( )¿ 6 x −30

( )
2
𝜕 f ¿ 𝜕 𝜕f ¿ 𝜕
s= ( )¿ 6 y
𝜕x𝜕 y 𝜕x 𝜕 y 𝜕 x

( )
2
𝜕 f 𝜕 𝜕f 𝜕
t= ¿ ¿ ()¿ 6 x −30
𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕 y
2

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 7

Example of Local Extreme Values
𝜕 f 0∧𝜕 f
Solution For stationary point 𝜕 x = 𝜕 y =0 .
Continue:
2 2
3 x +3 y −30 x+ 72=0 Case :1 y =0 0
( 2 2
⇒ 3 x + y −1 0 x +24 =0) 2 2
⇒ x + y − 10 x+ 24=0
2 2 2 2
⇒ x + y − 10 x+ 24=0 ⇒ x +( ) − 10 x+ 24=0
2
6 xy −30 y=0 ⇒ x −10 x +24=0
2
⇒ 6 y ( x −5 )=0 ⇒ x − 4 x −6 x +24 =0
⇒ y ( x −5 )=0 ⇒ x ( x − 4 ) −6 ( x − 4 ) =0
⇒ y=0¿ x −5=0 ⇒ x − 4=0 ¿ x − 6=0
⇒ y=0¿ x=5 ⇒ x = 4¿ x= 6
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 8
Example of Local Extreme Values
Solution
Continue:
5
Case :2 x=5 Case :1 y =0
0
2 2
⇒ x + y − 10 x+ 24=0 44¿ x=66
⇒ x=
2 2
⇒ ( ) + y − 10( )+24= 0 Hence, stationary
2
⇒ 25+ y −5 0 +24=0 (points
,) ∧ are ( , ) .
2
⇒ y − 1=0 5
5
Case :2 x=5
2
⇒ y =1 1 ¿ y =−1
⇒ y=1 −1
⇒ y=1¿ y =−1 Hence, stationary
(points
,) ∧ are( , ) .

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 9

Example of Local Extreme Values
Solution
Continue:
Stationa
𝐫 =𝟔 𝐱 − 𝟑𝟎𝐬 =𝟔 𝐲𝐭 =𝟔 𝐱 −𝟑𝟎 𝐫𝐭 − 𝐬 𝟐 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
ry
Points
(4,0) −6 0 −6 36 >0 ( r < 0 ) Local
Maxima
( 6 ,0 ) 6 0 6 36 >0 ( r > 0 ) Local
Minima
( 5 , 1) 0 6 0 − 36 <0 Saddle
Point
( 5 , −1 ) 0 −6 0 − 36 <0 Saddle
Point

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 10

Example of Local Extreme Values
Example Find extreme values of
2:
Solution
Continue:
¿ f ( x , y )( 4 ,0¿) ()4+ 3( 4
3 2
)( )0− 15( 4 0) +72(
) − 15( 4) 2 2

¿ 4 ( 4 −15+ 18¿) 16 ( 7¿) 112

2

⇒ Max ( f ) =112

¿ f ( x , y )( 6 , 0¿) ()63+ 3(6

)( )0− 15(6
2 2
0) +72(
) − 15(
2
6)
¿ 6 ( 6 −15+12¿) 36 ( 3¿) 108
2

⇒ Min ( f )=108

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 11

Example of Local Extreme Values
Example Find the local extreme values of
1:
if
possible
Solutio Here, .

( )
n: 2
𝜕 f 𝜕 𝜕 f 𝜕
𝜕f
r= ¿
2
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕x
¿
𝜕 x
( ¿
) 2
=¿ 2 x − y −1
𝜕x

𝜕x𝜕 y 𝜕x(𝜕 y ) 𝜕 x
2
𝜕 f ¿ 𝜕 𝜕f ¿ 𝜕
s= ( )¿ −1
𝜕f
𝜕y
−2
−
=¿ 2 y − x +1
( )
2
𝜕 f 𝜕 𝜕f 𝜕
t= ¿ ¿ ()¿−2
𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕 y
2

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 12

Example of Local Extreme Values
𝜕 f 0∧𝜕 f
Solution For stationary point 𝜕 x = 𝜕 y =0 .
Continue:
⇒ 2 x − y −1=0¿ −2 y − x +1=0
⇒ 2 x − y=1 2 x − y=1
¿ x +2 y =1 ⇒ y=2 x −1
❑
⇒ 4 x − 2 y=2
+¿ x +2 y =1
2 ×e q
n
(𝟏 ) ¿2 ( )
❑
−1
¿ ( )−1
6
5x ¿3 5
33 1
⇒ x= ⇒ y=
55 5
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 13
Example of Local Extreme Values
Solution
Continue: 3 1
Hence, stationary point is , . (5 5)
Here

⇒ r=2 , s=−1∧t =− 2 at
3 1
,
5 5 ( )
⇒ rt − s =( 2 ) ( − 2 ) − ( −¿1−
) 4 − 1¿ − 5
2 2

2
⇒ rt − s < 0
3 1
( )
⇒ , is saddle point .
5 5
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 14
Example of Local Extreme Values
Example For what values of the constant k does the second
8: derivative test
guarantee that will have a saddle point at
A local minimum at
Solutio Here,

( )
n: 𝜕 f 𝜕 𝜕 f
2
𝜕
𝜕f
r= ¿
2
𝜕x 𝜕x 𝜕x
¿
𝜕 x ¿
() 2
𝜕 x 2 x +ky
=¿

( )
2
𝜕 f ¿ 𝜕 𝜕f ¿ 𝜕 ()
𝜕f s= 𝜕 x ¿k
𝜕x𝜕 y 𝜕x 𝜕 y
𝜕y
k
=¿
kxx + 2 y
( )
2
𝜕 f 𝜕 𝜕f 𝜕
t= ¿ ¿ ¿2
()
𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕y 𝜕 y
2

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 15

Example of Local Extreme Values
𝜕 f 0∧𝜕 f
Solution For stationary point 𝜕 x = 𝜕 y =0 .
Continue:
⇒ 2 x +ky =0 2 x +ky =0
¿ kx + 2 y=0 ⇒ 2()+ ky =0
⇒ ky=0
4 x +2 ky =0
⇒− k 2 x − 2 ky=0 ⇒ y=0
Hence, stationary point is
( 4 − k 2 ) x =0
⇒ x =0
0

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 16

Example of Local Extreme Values
Solution
Continue:
For saddle point at For local minimum at
( rt − s )(0 ,0 ) <0 .
2 ( rt − s 2 )(0 ,0 ) >0 , ( r > 0/ t >0 ) .
2
⇒ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) − k <0
2
⇒ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) − k >0
2 2 2 2
⇒ 4 − k < 0⇒ k > 4 ⇒ 4 − k > 0⇒ k < 4
⇒ k ∈ ℝ − [− 2 , 2] ⇒ k ∈ ( − 2, 2 )

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 17

Metho Lagrange’s
d:8 Multiplier
Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
This method is apply for finding maxima & minima of
given function with
satisfying given
condition(constraint).
The drawback of this method is that it gives no information
about the nature
stationary point directly i.e. about maxima
and minima.
Here unknown constant λ is known as
Lagrange’s multiplier.
The distance between two points is
.

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 19

 Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Procedure for find finding maxima & minima of the
function with
satisfying the condition is as follow

( 𝟏 ) . Construct the new function .

𝜕F 𝜕F
( 𝟐 ) . Solve the three =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y )=0to find
equations
𝜕x 𝜕y the
stationary points

( 𝟑 ) . Find the value of at above stationary points and give the

conclusion
maxima or about
minima.
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 20
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Example Find the maximum and minimum values of function
2: on the circle using the method of Lagrange multiplier.
2 2
Solutio Here, and . x + y −1
n:
Construct the new function .
⇒ F ( x , y ) =( )+ λ ( )
𝜕F 𝜕F
Solve three =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y )=0for stationary
equations
𝜕x 𝜕y points.
𝜕F 𝜕 F
=¿3 + λ ( 2 x )=0 2
4 + λ ( 2 y )=0 x + y − 1=0
=¿
2
𝜕x 𝜕y
⇒ x + y =1−− → ( 𝟑 )
2 2
3 4
⇒ λ=−
2 x −− → ( 𝟏 )⇒ λ=− 2 y−− → ( 𝟐 )
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 21
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution 3
λ =− −− → ( 𝟏 )
Continue: 2x
From equations
4
3 4 4x λ =− −− → ( 𝟐 )
− ¿ − ⇒ y= 2y
2x 2y 3 S 2 2
x + y =1−− → ( 𝟑 )
4x
( )
2
2 4x y=
⇒x + =1 ⇒ 25 x 2=9 3
3
2
⇒x +
16 x
9
=1
2
⇒x =
2 9
25
¿
4
3
±
3
5 ( )
2 2 3 4
⇒ 9 x +16 x =9 ⇒ x =± ⇒ y=±
5 5
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 22
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Example Find the maximum and minimum values of function
2: on the circle using the method of Lagrange multiplier
Solution
Continue:
Hence, stationary
points are
) ( ( 3 4
,
5 5
3
∧ − ,−
5
4
5
. )
f ( , )=¿3 ( ) + 4 ( )
3 4
5 5
3
5
4
5
3
Similarly, we f − , −
get 5
4
5(=−5 . )
9+16 25 Which is
¿ ¿
5 5 minimum
value of .
⇒f (
3 4
,
5 5 )
= 5 . Which is
maximum
value of
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 23
 Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Procedure for find finding maxima & minima of the
functionwith
satisfying the condition is as follow

( 𝟏 ) . Construct the new function .

𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕F
( 𝟐 ) . Solve the four =0 , =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y , z )=0to
equations 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z find
the stationary points

( 𝟑 ) . Find the value of at above stationary points and give the

conclusion
about maxima or
minima.
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 24
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Example Divided a given number ‘a’ into three positive points
5: such
is ‘a’ that their sum
and product is maximum.
Solutio x + y + z=a¿ is maximum. x
n:
Hence, x ++yy++ z − a=0.
xyz¿ ϕ ( x , y , z ) =x a
Construct the new function a y

⇒ F ( x , y , z ) =( )+ λ () z
𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕F
=0 ,
Solve the four equations =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y , z )=0
to find
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
the stationary
points.
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 25
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution F ( x , y , z )=( xyz ) + λ ( x+ y + z − a )
Continue:
𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕F
=¿yz + λ ( 1 )=0=¿xz + λ (1 )=0 𝜕z
=¿xy + λ ( 1 )=0
𝜕x 𝜕y
−− → ( 𝟏 ) ⇒ λ=− xz
⇒ λ=− yz −− → ( 𝟐 ) ⇒ λ=− xy −− → ( 𝟑 )

From equations we get

x + y + z − a=0
− yz=− xz =− xy
⇒ yz=xz =xy
⇒ x + y + z =a−− → ( 𝟒
yz =xz xz= xy
⇒ y=x ⇒ z=y

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 26

 Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution
Continue:
x + y + z= −−a → ( 𝟒 ) y =x∧¿z = y
⇒ y + y + y =a
⇒ 3 y=a
a a a 3
⇒ y= ⇒ x = ¿ z = a
3 3 3 ⇒ f ( x , y , z )=
27
Hence, stationary
point is
( x , y , z )= (
a a a
, ,
3 3 3
. ) Which is
3 value of
maximum
a a a a
⇒ f ( x , y , z ) =xyz¿ 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 3 ¿
27
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 27
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Example Find the point on the plane closest to point
6:
Solutio Let, be the point on the plane closest to the
n:
point
Hence distance between is minimum and which is
defined as:
PQ=¿√ ( x − 1 ) + ( y −1 ) + ( z −1 )
2 2 2

⇒ PQ =¿( x −1 ) + ( y −1 ) + ( z − 1 ) ¿ x +2 y + 3 z=13
2 2 2 2

2 2 2
⇒ f ( x , y , z ) =( x − 1 ) + ( y − 1 ) + ( z − 1 )
¿ ϕ ( x , y , z ) =x +2 y +3 z −13=0

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 28

Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
2 2 2 2
Solution f ( x , y , z( )x=−( x1 − 1() y+−
) + ( y1− )2
1()z+−( z1−
) +
Continue: +2+2
ϕ ( x , y , z ) x=x y +3 z −13
y +3 z −13=0
Construct the new
function
as
⇒ F ( x , y , z ) =( ) + λ ( )
𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕F
Solve the four =0 , =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y , z )=0to find
equations 𝜕 x 𝜕 y 𝜕 z the
stationary
𝜕points.
F 𝜕F
=¿2 ( x − 1 ) + λ ( 1 ) =0 =¿2 ( y −1 ) + λ ( 2 )=0
𝜕x 𝜕y
⇒ λ =− 2 ( x −− −→ 1()𝟏 ) ⇒ λ=− ( y −1−− ) →(𝟐 )
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 29
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution
Continue:
F ( x , y , z )=( ( x −1 ) + ( y − 1 ) + ( z − 1 ) ) + λ ( x+ 2 y+ 3 z − 13 )
2 2 2

𝜕F
𝜕z
=¿2 ( z − 1 ) + λ ( 3 )=0 x +2 y +3 z −13=0
⇒ λ =−
2
( z−−
−1 → ) (𝟑 ) ⇒ x +2 y +3 z =13
−− → ( 𝟒 )
3
From equations we get 2 ( x − 1 )= y −1
2 ⇒ 2 x − 2= y − 1
−2 ( x −1 )= − ( y −1 ) =− ( z −1 )
3 ⇒ 2 x= y+1
y +1
⇒ x= −− → ( 𝟓 )
2
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 30
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution +3 zz=13
x +2 y +3 =13−− → ( 𝟒 )
Continue:
y+1
y +1
x=
2 2
−− → ( 𝟓 )
2
( y −1) = ( z −1)
3
⇒ 3 ( y −1 ) =2 ( z −1 )
⇒ 3 y −3=2 z −2
⇒
( )
¿ + 2 y +3 ¿ =13
( )
⇒ 3 y −1=2 z
33yy−−11
⇒ ( y+1
2
+2 y + )
9 y −3
2
=13 ( )
⇒ z=
22
−− → ( 𝟔 ) ⇒ y +1+4 y +9 y −3=26
⇒ 14 y =28
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 31
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution y+1
Continue:
x=
2
−− → ( 𝟓 )
y+1 3 y −1
14 y =28 x=
2
z=
2 3 y −1
28 z=
2
−− → ( 𝟔 )
⇒ y= 2+1 3 (2)− 1
14 ⇒ x= ⇒ z=
2 2
⇒ y=2 3 5
⇒ x= ⇒ z=
2 2

, 2 , be the point on the plane closest

( )
3 5
Henc P ( x , y , z )=
2 2
to the point
e,

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 32

Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Example Find the shortest and largest distance from the point to
8: the
sphere
Solutio Let, be any point on surface of the sphere
n: and is the given point.
Hence, distance between is PQ which is
defined as:
PQ=¿√ ( x − 1 ) + ( y −2 ) + ( z +1 )
2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ PQ =¿( x − 1 ) + ( y − 2 ) + ( z+ 1 ) ¿ x + y + z =24
2 2 2
⇒ f ( x , y , z ) =( x − 1 ) + ( y − 2 ) + ( z +1 )
2 2 2
( )
¿ ϕ x , y , z =x + y + z −24=0
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 33
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
2 2 2 2 2
Solution f ( x , y , z( x
)=−( x1 − 1() y+−
) + ( y2−
) +2() z+
+ (1
z )+
Continue: 2 2 2 2 2 2
Construct the new function ϕ ( x , y , z )x
=+ + y+ +
x y z z−24
−24=0
as
⇒ F ( x , y , z ) =( ) + λ ( )
𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕F
Solve the four =0 , =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y , z )=0to find
equations 𝜕 x 𝜕 y 𝜕 z the
stationary
𝜕points.
F 𝜕F
=¿2 ( x − 1 ) + λ ( 2 x )=0 =¿2 ( y −2 ) + λ ( 2 y )=0
𝜕x 𝜕y
( x −1 ) ( y − 2)
⇒ λ=−
x
−− → ( 𝟏 ) ⇒ λ=− −− → ( 𝟐 )
y
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 34
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution
Continue:
F ( x , y , z )=( ( x − 1 ) + ( y − 2 ) + ( z +1 ) ) + λ ( x + y + z − 24 )
2 2 2 2 2 2

𝜕F 2 2 2
=¿2 ( z +1 ) + λ ( 2 z ) =0 x + y + z −24 =0
𝜕z
( z+ 1 ) ⇒ x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=24−− → ( 𝟒 )
⇒ λ=− −− → ( 𝟑 )
z
( x −1 ) ( y − 2 )
=
From equations we get x y
( x − 1) ( y −2 ) ( z +1 ) ⇒ xy − y =xy − 2 x
− =− =−
x y z ⇒ − y =−2 x
( x −1 ) ( y − 2 ) ( z +1 ) y
⇒ = = ⇒ x= −− → ( 𝟓 )
x y z 2
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 35
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
yy
Solution 2
=24−− → ( 𝟒x) =
+zz =24
x +y +
22 22
−− → ( 𝟓
22
Continue:
( x −1 ) ( y − 2 ) ( z +1 )
= =
x y z
( y − 2 ) ( z +1 ) 2 2

( )¿ + y + − ¿ =24
( )
2
= ⇒
y z
⇒ z ( y − 2 )= y ( z +1 ) y 2 y
2 2
⇒ +y + = 24
⇒ yz −2 z= yz + y 4 4
2 2 2
y
y ⇒ y + 4 y + y =96
− −− → ( 𝟔 )
⇒ z =− 2 2
2
2 ⇒ 6 y =96⇒ y =16
⇒ y =± 4
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 36
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution y =± 4 x=
y
−− → ( 𝟓 )
Continue: 2
y
y y z= − −− → ( 𝟔
x= z= − 2
2 2
¿±4 ¿± 4
⇒ x= ⇒ z =−
2 2
⇒ x =± 2 ⇒ z =∓ 2
Hence, stationary P
points are

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 37

Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution Stationary P
Continue: points are 2
PQ=¿√ ( x − 1 ) + ( y −2 ) + ( z +1 )2
2

At, point
PQ=¿√ ( 2 −1 ) + ( 4 − 2 ) + ( −2+1 )
2 2 2
⇒ PQ =√ 6
¿ √ 1+ 4+ 1¿ √ 6 Which is shortest
At, point distance
PQ=¿√ ( −2 −1 ) + (− 4 −2 ) + ( 2+ 1 )
2 2 2 ⇒ PQ =√ 54
Which is largest
¿ √ 9+ 36+ 9¿ √ 54 distance

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 38

Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Y
The area of closed
A ( x , y , z ) =¿
rectangular box+¿ yz+¿2 zx
2 xy is2
𝐳𝐱 The area of open rectangular
𝐱𝐲 +¿ +¿
2 xy 2 yz zx
( x , y , z ) =¿
boxAis

𝐲𝐳 𝐲𝐳 The volume of open

V ( x , ybox
rectangular isxyz
, z )=¿
X
𝐱𝐲 The volume of closed
𝐳𝐱 isxyz
V ( x , ybox
rectangular , z )=¿

Z Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 39

Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Example A rectangular box open at the top is to have a given
11: capacity of
Find the dimension of the box requiring least
material for it’s
construction
Solutio We have a open rectangular box with
n: volume¿ xyz =64
capacity
The area of open
rectangular box is
A=¿2 xy 2 yz zx +¿ +¿
2 xyxy+2
⇒ f ( x , y , z ) =2 yz+zx
+2yz xyz −64
+ zx¿ ϕ ( x , y , z ) =xyz −64=0
Construct the new
function
as
⇒ F ( x , y , z ) =( )+ λ ()
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 40
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution F ( x , y , z )=( 2 xy +2 yz + zx )+ λ ( xyz− 64 )
Continue: 𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕F
Solve the four =0 , =0 , =0 & ϕ ( x , y , z )=0to find
equations 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z the
stationary
𝜕points.
F 𝜕F
=¿2 y + z + λ ( yz )=0 =¿2 y + x + λ ( xy )= 0
𝜕x 𝜕z
(2 y +z ) (2 y +x )
⇒ λ=− −− → ( 𝟏 ) ⇒ λ=− −− → ( 𝟑 )
yz xy
𝜕F xyz −6 4=0
=¿2 x +2 z + λ ( xz ) =0
𝜕y
(2 x +2 z ) ⇒ xyz=6 4−− → ( 𝟒 )
⇒ λ=−
xz −− → ( 𝟐 )
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 41
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
Solution
Continue: ⇒ xy ( 2 x +2 z )=x z ( 2 y + x )
From equations we get
(2 y +z ) ( 2 x +2 z ) ( 2 y + x ) ⇒ 2 x 2 y +2 xyz=2 xyz + x 2 z
− =− =−
yz xz xy ⇒ 2 x 2 y= x 2 z
( 2 y + z ) ( 2 x +2 z ) ( 2 y + x ) ⇒ z =2 2 yy
⇒ = =
yz xz xy
From equation xyz=6 4
⇒ xz ( 2 y + z ) = yz ( 2 x + 2 z )
⇒ ( ) y ()=6 4
2 2
⇒ 2 x y z + xz =2 xyz +2 yz 3
⇒ 4 y =6 4⇒ y =16
3
2 2
⇒ xz =2 yz ⇒ y=2 √ 2
3

⇒ x =2
2 yy
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 42
Example of Lagrange’s Multiplier Method
y =2 √ 2
3
Solution
Continue:
x=2 y z=2 y
⇒ x =4 √ 2 ⇒ z =4 √ 2
3 3

Dimensions¿ ( x , y , z ) =( 4 √ 2 , 2 √ 2 , 4 √ 2 ) .
3 3 3

Note: The possible answers are depends on formula of

surface area. then
If
If then

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 43

Metho Gradi
d:9 ent
Gradient of a Scalar Function
A function whose codomain is scalars is called a scalar
function.
Example: is a scalar function.

Del
operator(nabla)
¿(𝜕
,
𝜕
,
𝜕
¿
𝜕x 𝜕 y 𝜕z 𝜕x
𝜕 ^ 𝜕 ^ 𝜕 ^
i+
𝜕y
j+
𝜕z
k. )
The gradient of a scalar function is denoted by defined as

grad ¿
𝜕
(,
𝜕
,
𝜕
𝜕x 𝜕 y 𝜕z
f¿ , ) (
𝜕 f 𝜕 f 𝜕 f 𝜕 f ^ 𝜕f ^ 𝜕 f ^
, ¿
𝜕x 𝜕 y 𝜕z 𝜕x
i+
𝜕y
j+
𝜕z
k )
The gradient of scalar function is
a vector.

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 45

Example of Gradient of a Scalar Function
Example Find at, if.
1:
Solutio Here, .
n: 𝜕ϕ 𝜕 ϕ 𝜕ϕ
(
⇒ ∇ ϕ=¿ 𝜕 x , 𝜕 y , 𝜕 z )
6 xy ,3 x 2 −3
¿ ( 2 2
y z −2) 3
, y z
⇒ ∇ ϕ ( 1 , − 2 , −11
)= ( 6 ( )(
−2 1) , 3 (−2 −1
) − 3 ( ) (−2 − 2 ( ) ( ))
) , −1 2 2 2 3

¿ ( −12 , 3 −12 , −16 )

⇒ ∇ ϕ (1 ,− 2 ,−1 )=( −12 , − 9 ,− 16 )

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 46

Example of Gradient of a Scalar Function
Example Evalua where
5: te
Solutio Let, .

( )
n: 𝜕 f 𝜕f 𝜕 f
⇒ ∇ f =¿𝜕 x , 𝜕 y , 𝜕 z

(e ∙ ( 2∙y () ,e2 x ∙)( 2,z))

2 2 2
x + yx 2+ +2
y +z
z
2 2 2
x + y +z
2

¿ e
2 2 2
x + y +z
¿2e (x, y , z)
2
r
⇒ ∇ f =2 e ( x , y , z )

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 47

Method: Directional
10 Derivative
Directional Derivative

c The directional derivative ofatin the direction is

u
Du f =(grad f )(a ,b ) ∙
|u|
( u1 ,u2 )
¿ (
𝜕f 𝜕f
,
𝜕x 𝜕 y )( a , b)
∙
|u|
u1 u2
⇒ D u f ( a , b )=f x ( a , b ) + f y ( a , b) .
|u| |u|
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 49
Directional Derivative
c The directional derivative of at in the direction of
is
u1 u2
Du f ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )=f x ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) +f y ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) +f z ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
|u| |u| |
c The directional derivative ofin direction of unit vectorwhich
makes an anglewith positivex-axis and at
D α f ( x 0 , y 0 ) =cos α f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) + sin α f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) .
pointis

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 50

Example of Directional Derivative
Example Find directional derivative of at the point
1: in the direction .
Solutio Here, ,
n:
Point ¿ Direction
A
D x f =( ∇ f )( a , b ) ∙ −− → ( 𝟏 )
c | A|
Now,
𝜕 f 𝜕f
𝜕x 𝜕 y
,( ¿ y
)
e − y sin (xy ,x e −)
y
x sin xy
⇒ ∇ f ( 2, 0 ) =( e 0 − ( 0 ) sin ( 2 ∙ 0 ) , ( 2 ) e ( 0 ) − ( 2 ) sin ( 2∙ 0 ) )
⇒ ∇ f ( 2, 0¿) ( 1 , 2 )
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 51
Example of Directional Derivative
Example Find directional derivative of at the point
1: in the direction .
Solution
Continue:Here, .

⇒
A 1
= ( 3 ,− 4 ) =
| A| 5
3
5 ( ,
−4
5 )
( ) ( ) ( )
A 3 −4 3 −4 5
D x f =( ∇ f )( a , b ) ∙ ¿ ( 1 , 2) ∙ , ¿1 +2 ¿−
| A| 5 5 5 5 5

⇒ D A f =− 1

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 52

Example of Directional Derivative
Example Define gradient of a function. Use it to find directional
3: at in the direction
derivative of .
Solutio The gradient of a function is denoted by defined as
n:
grad ¿
𝜕f 𝜕f 𝜕f
, , . (𝜕x 𝜕 y 𝜕z )
Here, Point ¿Direction
(
𝜕 f 𝜕f 𝜕 f
⇒ ∇ f =¿𝜕 x , 𝜕 y , 𝜕 z ¿
3 x − y −2
2
(2
, xy) )
,−1
⇒ ∇ f ( 1 , 1 ,0 ) =( 3 ( 1 ) − ( 1 ) , −2 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ,− 1 )
2 2

⇒ ∇ f (1 , 1 ,0 )=( 2 , −2 , −1 )
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 53
Example of Directional Derivative
Example Define gradient of a function. Use it to find directional
3: at in the direction
derivative of .
Solution Here, .
Continue:
⇒|a|= √ 2 + ( −3 ) + 6
2 2 2

⇒
a 1
|a| 7
2
7
3 6
= ( 2 , −3 , 6 )= ,− ,
7 7 ( )
( )
a
D x f =( ∇ f )( 1 ,1 ,0 ) ∙ ¿ ( 2 , −2 , −1 ) ∙ 2 ,− 3 , 6 4
|a| 7 7 7 ⇒ Dx f = 7
¿2
2
7
−2 − ( ) ( ) ( )
3
7
6 4 6
−1 ¿ + − =
7 7 7
6
7
4
7
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 54
Example of Directional Derivative
Example Find the directional derivative of at along a direction
10: equally inclined with co-
Solutio
n:
ordinate axis. Point
Here, Direction ¿
(
𝜕 f 𝜕f 𝜕 f
⇒ ∇ f =¿𝜕 x , 𝜕 y , 𝜕 z ¿ 2 2
( )
2 2
) 2 2
2 xy z ,2 yx z ,2 zx y
⇒ ∇ f (1 , 1 ,−1 )=¿( 2 ( 1 ) ( 1 )2 ( − 1 )2 , 2 ( 1 ) ( 1 )2 ( − 1 ) 2 , 2 ( − 1 ) ( 1 )2 ( 1 )2 )
⇒ ∇ f (1 , 1 ,−1 )=( 2 , 2 , −2 ) .

c Here, ⇒|a|= √ 1 + 1 + 1 2 2 2

⇒
a
=¿
1
|a| √ 3
( 1 , 1 ,1¿
)
( 1
,
1
,
√3 √3 √3
1
)
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 55
Example of Directional Derivative
Example Find the directional derivative of at along a direction
10: equally inclined with co-
ordinate axis.
Solution
Continue: a
D x f =( ∇ f )( 1 ,1 ,− 1) ∙
1 1 1
¿ ( 2 , 2 , −2 ) ∙
|a| ( √3 , ,
√3 √3 )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2
¿2 +2 −2 ¿
√3 √3 √3 √ 3
2
⇒DAf =
√3
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 56
Example of Directional Derivative
Example Find the directional derivative if
12:
and u is the unit vector given What is
Solutio by angle
n:
c The directional derivative ofin direction of unit vectorwhich
makes an angle with positivex-axis and at
.pointis

c Here, f y =¿−3 x+8 y

f x =¿3 x 2 −3 y ⇒ f y ( 1 , 2 )=¿−3 (1 )+ 8 ( 2¿) 13
⇒ f x ( 1 , 2 )=¿3 ( 1 )2 − 3 ( 2¿) − 3
Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 57
Example of Directional Derivative
Example Find the directional derivative if
12:
and u is the unit vector given What is
by angle
Solution π π
D u f (1 , 2 ) =cos f x ( 1 , 2 ) +sin f y (1 , 2 )
Continue: 6 6
√
¿ ¿
2
3
( )
(
−3)+ ¿ ()
1
2 13 ( )
13 − 3 √ 3
⇒ D u f ( 1 , 2¿
)
2

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya #3110014 (M-I)  Unit 4 – Partial Derivatives 58

 Mathematics-I (M-I)
GTU # 3110014

THA
NK
YOU

Prof. Darshan R. Pipaliya

Humanities & Science Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
918160597689