Scribd
Upload
16 views23 pages

CSE440 Ch1 Intro

notes

Uploaded by

tasnia.rifah009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views23 pages

CSE440 Ch1 Intro

notes

Uploaded by

tasnia.rifah009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

CSE 440

Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 1: Introduction
Adapted from slides available in Russell & Norvig’s textbook webpage

Dr. Ahmedul Kabir


Objectives
• To define what Artificial Intelligence (AI)
is

• To give an overview of topics to be


covered in this course

• To look at some applications of AI

• To get an idea about the state of the art


in AI
What is AI?
• AI is a relatively new field - started at the end of the 1940s
• The name “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by John
McCarthy in 1956
• Two of the many definitions of Artificial Intelligence are:
“AI as an attempt to understand “AI is the design and study of
intelligent entities and to build computer programs that behave
them” (Russell and Norvig, 1995) intelligently”
(Dean, Allen, and Aloimonos,1995)

What is an “intelligent entity” or what does it mean to “behave


“The aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully, to think
intelligently”?
rationally, and to deal effectively with its environment” (Wechsler,
1958)

“The study
My favorite of how to of
definition make
AI computers do things at which, at the
moment, humans are better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
What is AI? (cont.)
Views of AI fall into four categories:

https://kartikkukreja.wordpress.com/2015/05/17/what-is-ai-and-what-can-we-do-with-it-today/
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Alan Turing (1950) "Computing
machinery and intelligence":

• "Can machines think?"  "Can


machines behave intelligently?“

• Operational test for intelligent


behavior: the Imitation Game

The test: A computer is


interrogated by a human
through a terminal and passes
the test if the interrogator
cannot tell if there is a
computer or a human at the
other end.
Acting humanly: Turing Test
(cont.)
• To pass the Turing test a machine will need to:
1. represent knowledge
2. reason automatically
3. learn
4. process natural language
• For the TOTAL Turing test (which includes also a video
signal so that the interrogator can test the subject’s
perceptual abilities) the machine will also need to:
5. “see” (computer vision)
6. “move” (robotics)
• In 2014, a chatbot named “Eugene Goostman” claimed to
have passed the Turing test, but was later dismissed by
critics.
Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities
of the brain
• Three ways to do this
– Introspection – catching one’s own thoughts
– Psychological experiments - predicting and testing
behavior of human subjects
– Direct identification - from brain imaging and
neurological data
• Cognitive Science brings together computer
models form AI and techniques from psychology
• Problem:
– We know very little about how human brain works!
– Experimenting on humans is costly and imprecise
Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
• Aristotle: what are “the right”
arguments/thought processes?
• Syllogisms provide patterns for argument:
always yield correct conclusions when correct
premises are given.
“Socrates is a man. All men are mortal.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal”
• Logicians in the 19th century developed a
notation for statements about all kinds of
objects in the real world.
• Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical
deliberation
2. Difference between solving problems “in principle”,
and solving them in practice
Acting rationally: rational
agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the available
information
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,
blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the
service of rational action
• Advantages:
– More general than the “laws of thought” approach
– More amenable to scientific development than
approaches based on human behavior or human
thought

This course will focus on building rational agents


The Foundations of AI
• Philosophy Methods of reasoning, mind as a
physical
system, foundations of knowledge and
learning
• Mathematics Formal representation and
proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability,
(in)tractability,
probability
• Economics Formal theory of rational decisions
• Neuroscience Physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology Experimental techniques on human
and animal behavior
• Computer Building fast and efficient computers
engineering
• Linguistics Knowledge representation, human
interaction
Overview of Topics in this
Course
• Introduction, Intelligent Agents
• Problem-solving techniques:
– Blind Search, Heuristic Search, Optimal
search, Adversarial Search (Game Playing),
Constraint Satisfaction
• Knowledge representation and Logical
reasoning
• Machine Learning
• Applications of AI
– Computer vision, Natural language
processing, Robotics
AI in everyday life
Personal assistants Recommendation Systems

Bgr.com/tag/siri
AI in everyday life (cont.)
Email categorization, Fraud prevention,
Spam filtering Credit decisions

https://www.cafecredit.com/free-credit-score

https://sendpulse.com/support/spam-filter
AI in everyday life (cont.)
• Face and Object recognition
– Facebook, Pinterest

https://www.classaction.org/blog/facebook-sued-over-face-recognition-feature
AI Success stories
• Game Playing
– DeepBlue beats Gary Kasparov (1997)
AI Success stories (cont.)
• Game Playing
– IBM Watson wins Jeopardy! (2011)
– AlphaGo beats world champion Go player (2016)

http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35785875
https://www.technobuffalo.com/2013/05/21/ibm-watson-smartphone-ap/
AI Success stories (cont.)
• Autonomous vehicles
– Google self-driving car, Tesla autopilot

https://www.tesla.com/videos/autopilot-self-driving-hardware-neighborhood-long
AI Success stories (cont.)
• Theorem Proving
– Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
• Medical diagnosis
– AI systems outperformed human experts in blood infection
diagnosis and lung cancer diagnosis

http://wnep.com/2017/03/03/google-uses-ai-to-help-diagnose-breast-cancer/
AI Success stories (cont.)
• Robot explorers
– Mars exploration rovers designed at the NASA Jet Propulsions
Laboratory.
– In 2016, NASA installed a new AI system called AEGIS in the
Curiosity rover, enabling it to choose targets autonomously.

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl//
AI Success stories (cont.)
• Image processing
– Using deep neural networks, possible to identify and
categorize objects in images

https://machinelearningmastery.com/inspirational-applications-deep-learning/
AI Success stories (cont.)
• AI generated images
– Using prompts, AI can synthesize never-before-seen images

Created by MidJourney AI
AI Success stories (cont.)
• Language synthesis

Generated by ChatGPT
Final remarks

https://twitter.com/mark_riedl/status/837879984375091200

You might also like