DATABASES

WHAT IS A DATABASE?

• A database is a structured collection of data that can be easily

accessed, managed, and updated.
• Databases organize large amounts of data, making it easier to retrieve
specific information.
• Banking: Customer information, transaction history, and account
details are stored and managed in databases.
• Healthcare: Patient records, treatment history, and lab results are
organized in databases.
• Education: Student records, grades, and schedules are maintained in
school databases.
A SIMPLE DATABASE
A SINGLE-TABLE DATABASE

• A single-table database is a database structure with only one table where

all data is stored in rows and columns.
• Ideal for small datasets with a single set of related information.
• Key Components of a Single-Table Database:
• Fields (Columns): Define the type of data each column will store (e.g., Name,
Age, Address).
• Records (Rows): Each row is a unique entry or instance of data (e.g., an
individual’s details).
• Imagine a simple Rules
• Validation: table applied
for "Students" with
to fields fields like
to ensure StudentID,
data accuracyName, Age, and Class.
and consistency
• Each row represents one student’s information.
DATA TYPES – HOW TO SELECT THEM ?

• A data type defines the kind of data a field can hold.

• Ensures that each field in a database table stores data in a consistent
and meaningful way.
• Helps in optimizing storage space and improving query efficiency.
BASIC DATA TYPES IN DATABASES

• TEXT / ALPHANUMERIC
• Stores letters, numbers, and symbols.
• Examples: Names, addresses, or descriptions.

• CHARACTER
• Stores a single letter or symbol.
• Example: Gender field with 'M' or 'F’.

• BOOLEAN
• Stores true/false or yes/no values.
• Example: IsEnrolled field where True = Enrolled, False = Not Enrolled.
BASIC DATA TYPES IN DATABASES

• INTEGER
• Stores whole numbers.
• Examples: Age, quantity, or number of items.

• REAL
• Stores decimal numbers for precise values.
• Examples: Price, height, or weight.

• DATE / TIME
• Stores dates and/or times.
• Examples: Date of birth, appointment time, or order date.
• Standard Date Format- YYYY-MM-DD or MM-DD-YYYY
• Time format – HH:MI:SS
EXAMPLE OF A DATA TYPE SELECTION

Date of IsGraduate
• For a Student Database: Name Age
Enrollment d
• Name: Text Alice 2022-08-
21 False
Johnson 15
• Age: Integer
2021-06-
• Date of Enrollment: Date Bob Smith 23 True
01
• IsGraduated: Boolean 2023-01-
Charlie Lee 22 False
10
Diana 2020-09-
25 True
Brown 20
Emma 2022-05-
24 False
Davis 05
ACTIVITY 1: DETERMINE THE RIGHT DATA
TYPE
CONCEPT OF A PRIMARY KEY

• A primary key is a unique identifier for each record (row) in a database table.
• Ensures that every entry in the table is distinct and can be referenced
individually.
• Primary keys prevent duplicate records and ensure data integrity.
• Characteristics of a Primary Key:
• Unique: No two records can have the same primary key value.
• Non-Null: Every record must have a primary key value (it cannot be empty).

• Examples of Primary Keys:

• Student Database: StudentID (e.g., 001, 002, 003).
• Employee Database: EmployeeID (e.g., E123, E124).
HOW TO CHOOSE A PRIMARY KEY ?

• Often a unique ID number or code that is automatically generated.

• Avoid using fields that may change, like names or contact information,
as primary keys.
ACTIVITY 2 : TO DETERMINE PRIMARY KEYS

EnrollmentID StudentID CourseID EnrollmentDate

1001 1 101 2022-08-20

1002 2 102 2021-07-01
1003 3 101 2023-02-15

Q. Whats the primary key here ?

1. EnrollmentID
2. StudentID
3. CourseID
4. EnrollmentID and StudentID
5. EnrollmentID and CourseID
6. EnrollmentID and StudentID and
CourseID
FOREIGN KEY

• A foreign key is a column or columns in a table that links to a primary

key or unique key in another table.
WHAT IS SQL ?

• Structured Query Language (SQL): A language used to

communicate with databases.
• It is particularly useful in handling structured data, i.e., data
incorporating relations among entities and variables.
• SQL allows us to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data from a
database.
• MySQL is an open-source relational database management system
(RDBMS) that stores data in tables.
COMMON SQL COMMANDS:

• SELECT: Used to retrieve data from one or more columns in a table.

• FROM: Specifies the table from which to retrieve data.
• WHERE: Filters records based on a specified condition.
• ORDER BY: Sorts the results in ascending or descending order.
• SUM: Calculates the total of values in a numeric column.
• COUNT: Counts the number of rows that match a specified condition.
EXAMPLE TABLE

•Overview of the "Students" Table:

•A table to store essential student information in a structured way.
•Key fields include unique ID, name, age, course, and enrollment details.
•Table Definition:
•StudentID: Unique identifier for each student (Primary Key).
•Name: Stores the student’s name (VARCHAR, up to 50 characters).
•Age: Student’s age (INT).
•Gender: Represents gender as a single character, e.g., 'M' or 'F'.
•Course: Name of the course the student is enrolled in (VARCHAR, up to
100 characters).
•Grade: Stores grade as a two-character string (e.g., 'A+', 'B-').
•Credits: Number of credits completed by the student (INT).
•EnrollmentDate: Date when the student enrolled (DATE).
HOW TO DEFINE A TABLE ?

• CREATE TABLE Students (

• StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
• Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
• Age INT,
• Gender CHAR(1),
• Course VARCHAR(100),
• Grade CHAR(2),
• Credits INT,
• EnrollmentDate DATE

• );
EXAMPLE OF A SQL QUERY

• Query :Select all records from the table.

• =>SELECT * FROM Students;
• Query :Selecting specific columns.
• =>SELECT Name, Age, Course FROM Students;
• Query :Filtering results using WHERE
• => SELECT Name, Age FROM Students WHERE Age > 18;
• Query :Using ORDER BY to sort the results
• =>SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Age DESC;
• Query :Counting records
• => SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Students;
ACTIVITY 3 – LEARNING HOW TO WRITE SQL
QUERIES
• 1. Retrieve the names and grades of all students from the "Students" table.
• 2. Retrieve all students who are older than 18 and enrolled in "Computer Science.“
• 3. Retrieve all students, sorted by their grade in descending order.
• 4. Find the total number of credits completed by all students.
• 5. Count the number of students who are enrolled in "Mathematics.“
• 6. Calculate the average age of students in the "Students" table.
• 7. Retrieve all unique course names from the "Students" table.
• 8. Retrieve all students whose names start with "A.“
• 9. Retrieve all students who enrolled between January 1, 2023, and June 30, 2023.
• 10. Find the number of students in each course.
SOLUTIONS!

• 1. SELECT Name, Grade FROM Students;

• 2. SELECT Name, Age, Course FROM Students WHERE Age > 18 AND Course = 'Computer
Science’;
• 3. SELECT Name, Grade FROM Students ORDER BY Grade DESC;
• 4. SELECT SUM(Credits) FROM Students;
• 5. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Students WHERE Course = 'Mathematics’;
• 6. SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Students;
• 7. SELECT DISTINCT Course FROM Students;
• 8. SELECT Name FROM Students WHERE Name LIKE 'A%’;
• 9. SELECT Name, EnrollmentDate FROM Students WHERE EnrollmentDate BETWEEN '2023-01-
01' AND '2023-06-30’;
• 10. SELECT Course, COUNT(*) FROM Students GROUP BY Course;
THANK YOU