Ty Final Year Project .... 2.0

Department of Mechanical Engineering
TSSM’S
Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering and Research,
Polytechnic, Narhe, Pune 2024-25
Project Report on
“The Line Follower Robot ”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Of
Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.
1 Devesh V. Patange 22
2 Akash P. Jadhav
3 Shreeyash M. Koundalkar
4 Aryan V. Marne 26
Line Follower
Robot
Mentor : Pakhare S.Y.
Participants
1. Devesh V patange
2. Akash P Jadhav
3. Shreeyash M Koundalkar
4. Aryan V Marne
Contains
1. Introduction & Working Principle
2. Working of Line Following Robot.
3. Circuit Diagram & Hardware
Requirements.
4. Programming Requirements.
5. Advantages & Disadvantages.
6. Applications of Line Following Robot.
Introduction & Working Principle
• As the name suggests, the line follower robot is an automated

vehicle that follows a visual line embedded on the surface. This
visual line is a path on which the line-follower robot runs. Generally,
it uses a black line on a white surface, or you can adjust it as a white
line on a black surface.
• A line-following robot typically operates based on the principle of
using sensors to detect the contrast between a line (usually a dark
line on a light-colored surface or vice versa) and the surrounding
area
Working of Line Following Robot.
• The concept of the line follower robot is related to light. Here, we use the behavior of light on the
black-and-white surface. The white color reflects all the light that falls on it, whereas the black
color absorbs the light.
• In this line-follower robot, we use IR transmitters and receivers (photodiodes). They are used to
send and receive the lights. When IR rays fall on a white surface, they are reflected toward the
IR receiver, generating some voltage changes.
• Black surfaces absorb infrared radiation and do not reflect any of the rays that fall on them
; therefore, no photons reach the infrared receiver.
• In this project, when the IR sensor senses a white surface, an Arduino gets 1 (high) as input, and
when it senses a black line, an Arduino gets 0 (low) as input. Based on these inputs, an
Arduino Uno provides the proper output to control the bot.
Circuit Diagram € Hardware
Requirements.
Circuit Diagram as Follows

Hardware
Requirements • Arduino Uno is an 8-bit ATmega328P
microcontroller. To support the microcontroller, it
uses components such as a crystal oscillator, serial
communication, voltage regulator, etc. It has 14
digital I/O pins( 6 pins can be used as PWM pins). It
has six separate analog input pins, a USB
connection, a power barrel jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button.
• This board is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment)
platform via a type B USB cable.
This board can be powered via a USB cable or an ex
ternal voltage ranging from 7 to 20 volts.
• Here, the IR LED is an emitter, and the IR
photodiode is a detector. An IR LED emits the IR
light, and the photodiode is sensitive to this IR
light. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the
output voltages and the resistances will change
in proportion to the magnitude of the received
IR light.
• L298N is one of the easiest and best ways to

control DC motors. It is the two-channel motor
driver that can control the speed and spinning
direction of DC motors.
• This L298N motor driver is a high-power motor
driver module. It is used for driving DC and
stepper motors. This motor driver consists of
an L298N motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V
voltage regulator, resistors, capacitor, power
LED, and 5V jumper in an integrated circuit.
• A BO motor is known as a battery-operated
motor. These motors are commonly used in
hobby-grade projects where the user requires a
small DC motor as a simple actuator.
• BO series linear motors provide good torque
and rpm at lower operating voltages. The BO
motors are available in single-shaft, dual-shaft,
and DC plastic gear BO. These motors consume
a low current.
• A lithium-ion battery provides 3.7V in storage

mode and 4.2V in full charge mode. In this
project, we have connected two lithium-ion
batteries in series so that the total battery
voltage will be 8.4V at full charge.
Programming Requirements.
• In the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), you typically write code in a variant of
C++ programming language. The Arduino IDE simplifies the development process for Arduino
microcontroller boards by providing a user-friendly interface and libraries tailored to interact with
the hardware. In the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), you typically write code
in a variant of C++ programming language. The Arduino IDE simplifies the development process
for Arduino microcontroller boards by providing a user-friendly interface and libraries tailored to
interact with the hardware.
• Code For Line Follower Robot is Mentioned Page Below .

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Advantages
• Automation : Line-following robots can automate tasks that involve following a predetermined
path, reducing the need for human intervention in repetitive tasks such as assembly lines or
warehouse navigation.
• Cost-Effective : Building a line-following robot can be relatively inexpensive, especially for
hobbyists or educational purposes, as it typically requires basic components such as
sensors, microcontrollers, and motors.
• Versatility : Line-following robots can be adapted for various applications, including industrial
automation, entertainment, education, and research.
• Simple Navigation : They offer a straightforward method of navigation by following a visible
line, which simplifies the control and programming compared to more complex navigation
systems like GPS or SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping).
• Learning Tool : Line-following robots are popular educational tools for learning programming,
electronics, and robotics concepts. They provide hands-on experience in sensor integration,
control algorithms, and feedback systems.
Disadvantages
• Limited Environment : Line-following robots are constrained to following a specific path marked
by a line. They may struggle to navigate in environments without clear lines or in dynamic,
unpredictable surroundings.
• Sensitivity to Lighting Conditions : They can be sensitive to changes in lighting conditions
or surface properties, such as variations in ambient light or reflections, which may affect
the accuracy and reliability of line detection.
• Complexity of Paths : While they excel at following simple lines with gradual curves,
line- following robots may encounter difficulties navigating complex paths with sharp
turns, intersections, or branching paths.
• Maintenance : Line-following robots may require regular maintenance, especially in industrial
or outdoor environments where they are exposed to dust, debris, or mechanical wear and tear
on components like sensors and motors.
Applications of Line Following Robot.
• Industrial Automation : Line-following robots are used in manufacturing facilities for tasks such as
material handling, conveyor belt sorting, and assembly line automation. They can efficiently
transport materials or products along predefined paths, increasing productivity and reducing
labor costs.
• Warehouse Logistics : In warehouses and distribution centers, line-following robots can navigate
aisles to transport goods between storage locations and processing areas. They streamline
inventory management and order fulfillment processes, improving efficiency and throughput.
• Agricultural Robotics : Line-following robots can assist in agricultural tasks such as crop
monitoring, spraying, and harvesting. They can follow rows of crops in fields to perform precision
agriculture tasks, optimizing resource usage and increasing crop yields.
CERTIFICATE
This is To Certify That this Micro Project Tittled "Line Follower Robot"
is
the Bonafide work of ,
Devesh V patange
Akash P Jadhav
Shreeyash M Koundalkar
Aryan V Marne
Of Third Year Diploma

in Mechanical
Engineering for the
Course CPP Course
Resources
• https://projecthub.arduino.cc/lightthedreams/line-
following- robot-34b1d3
• https://robu.in/how-to-make-a-line-follower-robot-
using- arduino-connection-code/
• https://ai.thestempedia.com/project/line-followin
g-
robot/
• https://projecthub.arduino.cc/
Thank
You !

Ty Final Year Project .... 2.0

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.

• As the name suggests, the line follower robot is an automated

Circuit Diagram as Follows

• L298N is one of the easiest and best ways to

• A lithium-ion battery provides 3.7V in storage

• Code For Line Follower Robot is Mentioned Page Below .

Of Third Year Diploma

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