IP Address

IP An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or

address a local network.

Purpose of IP Address
The purpose of IP address is to identify
the sender and receiver information
IP Types of IP address – There are two types of IP addresses.

address 1. IP version 4
2. IP version 6
IP IPv4 address

address
• It has 32 bits and divided into 4 octets.
• Each octet is divided by .(dot).
• Each octet contains 8 bits.
IP IPv4 address

address
• Each octet can have minimum value 0 and maximum value 255.
IP IPv4 address

address
• IPv4 is divided into five different classes:
• A – 0 – 126(127 included)
• B – 128 – 191
• C – 192 – 223
• D – 224 – 239
• E – 240 – 255
• First octet of the IP address defines the class.
• We can only use class A, B & C.
• Class D is reserved for multicasting & E is reserved for R & D.
IP IPv4 address

address
• All classes have unique default subnet mask.
• A – 255.0.0.0
• B – 255.255.0.0
• C – 255.255.255.0
• D – Not used
• E – Not used
• Subnet mask indicates the network bit count.
• We can also express network bit count in the form of CIDR.
• CIDR - Classless Inter Domain Routing
• Default CIDR Values;
• A - /8
• B - /16
• C - /24
IP IPv4 address

address

• To create a network, Network ID should be same, and Host IDs should be

different.
• Write Network IP addresses of below Networks
• 200.0.10.0/24
• 155.10.0.0/16
• 45.2.5.0/8
• 156.2.1.9/16
IP IPv4 address

address
• Network IP : This is the first IP address of the network.
- All hosts bits are 0 in network IP. • Apart Network IP and broadcast IP, all
- This IP cannot be assigned to any host device. other host IPs are called as hosts IPs.
- This IP represents the whole network.
- Ex.: 10.0.0.0/8, 155.63.0.0/16, 205.244.0.0/24.

• Broadcast IP : This is the last IP address of the network.

- All hosts bits are 255 in the broadcast IP.
- This IP cannot be assigned to any host device.
- This IP is used to broadcast any packet to whole network.
- Ex.: 10.255.255.255/8, 155.63.255.255/16, 205.244.0.255/24.
IP IPv4 address

address
• Write the network IP and broadcast IP of below mentioned IP address;
• 46.23.56.7,
• 156.89.44.2,
• 189.222.255.5,
• 192.0.0.5,
IP
address
• To create a network, Network ID should be same, and Host IDs should be
different.
IP
address
• Write Network IP addresses of below Networks
• 200.0.10.0/24
• 155.10.0.0/16
• 45.2.5.0/8
• 156.2.1.9/16
IP Address Assigning

address
How can we assign IP address to any host device?
There are two methods by using which we can specify the IP address to any
host device.
1. Dynamic Method,
2. Static Method,
IP APIPA

address
APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Address)

- Suppose there is a condition, where in an office there are 1000 PCs are
connected to each other using a network switch, and all systems are
DHCP enabled.
- All systems are requesting IP address to the DHCP server and server is
assigning an IP address to all the machines.
- Suppose DHCP server goes down and not able to assign IP address to
any system.
- In this case all system will request DHCP server to provide IP address but
as the server is down. Hence no IP address will be assigned.
- In this situation for LAN only communication, all systems will assign
themselves an IP address from reserved range. These IP ranges are called
APIPA.
- The range is 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255.
IP IP address

address
Maximum number of IP address possible in any class directly depends upon the host bits count.
• C – 256 IPs
• B – 65536 IPs
• A – 16777216 IPs
IP Loopback Address

address
Loopback Address : Packets sent to this address never reach the network but
are looped through the network interface card only.
The IP address range 127.0. 0.0 – 127.255. 255.255 is reserved for loopback.
IP IP address

address
Public IP Address -
- We can use these IPs in WAN.
- We need to pay for public IPs.
- Assigned by IANA.
- Always unique in Internet.
- Publicly routable.

Private IP Addresses -
- We can use these IPs in LAN only.
- We need not to pay for using private IPs.
- Can be assigned locally.
- Unique in LAN.
- Non publicly routable.
IP Casting

address
Transmitting data (stream of packets) over the network is termed as casting.
IP 1. Unicast- Transmitting data from one source host to one destination host is

address called as unicast. It is a one-to-one transmission.

Host A having IP Address 11.1.2.3 sending

data to host B having IP Address 20.12.4.2.
Here,
• Source Address = IP Address of host A =
11.1.2.3
• Destination Address = IP Address of host B
= 20.12.4.2
IP 2. Multicast- Transmitting data from one source host to a particular group of

address hosts having interest in receiving the data is called as multicast. It is a one-
to-many transmission.

Example:
• Sending a message to a particular group of
people on WhatsApp.
• Sending an email to a particular group of
people
• Video conference or teleconference

• Multicast makes use of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) to identify its group.
• Each group is assigned with an IP Address from class D of IPv4.
IP 3. Broadcast- Transmitting data from one source host to all other hosts

address residing in the same or other network is called as broadcast.It is a one to all
transmission.
IP 3. Broadcast- Transmitting data from one source host to all other hosts

address residing in the same or other network is called as broadcast.It is a one to all
transmission.

Based on recipient’s network, it is classified

as-
1. Limited Broadcast,
2. Direct Broadcast.

• A. Limited Broadcast- Transmitting data from one

source host to all other hosts residing in the same
network is called as limited broadcast.
IP 3. Broadcast- Transmitting data from one source host to all other hosts

address residing in the same or other network is called as broadcast.It is a one to all
transmission.

Based on recipient’s network, it is classified

as-
1. Limited Broadcast,
2. Direct Broadcast.

B. Direct Broadcast- Transmitting data from one

source host to all other hosts residing in some other
network is called as direct broadcast.