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36 views

Development

Uploaded by

Full speed Gaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Development
What Development Promises: Different People,
Different Goals
• Different persons can have different developmental goals
Examples:
Landless rural labourer: better wages, education for children, better health facilities
Prosperous landowner: cheap labor, sending children abroad for education, high
family income
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may
be conflicting or destructive for the other.
Examples:
-More freedom of girl may not be appreciated by her brother
-Industrialists want dams for generation of electricity, but it would not be
appreciated by people who would be displaced as a result
Income and Other Goals
• For development, people look at a mix of goals (material and non-
material)
• Developmental goals are not only about better income (material goal)
but also about other important things in life which money cannot
measure like equal treatment, respect, sense of security, freedom,
love and affection etc. (non-material goals)
Examples
Getting job at far off place fetching better income but may be lack of
job security, far from family etc.
National Development
• Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of
a country’s development
How to Compare Different Countries or
States?
• For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the
most important attributes
-more income means more of all things that human beings need
• What is the Income of the Country?
Is it the total income of all the residents of the country??
It is the average income that gives us better picture.
Average Income is the total income of the country divided by its total
population. It is also called per capita income. It is calculated in dollars
for all countries.
• In World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank,
this criterion is used in classifying countries
₹4,53,000 and more ₹37,000 and Less
• Rich Countries • Low Income Countries
• Eg. Middle East • Eg. India
• While Average Income is useful for comparison, it does not tell us how
this income is distributed among people.
Country A 9,500 10,500 9,800 10,000 10,200 10,000

Country B 500 500 500 500 48,000 10,000


Income and Other Criteria
Infant Mortality Rate: number of children die before the age of one
year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that year
Literacy Rate: proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age
group
Net Attendance Ratio: total amount of children of age group 6-10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children of same
age group
State Per Capita Income (₹) Infant Mortality Rate Literacy Rate Net Attendance Ratio
2002-03 /1000 (%) 1995-96
2003 2001
Punjab 26,000 49 70 81
Kerala 22,800 11 91 91
Bihar 5,700 60 47 41
Public Facilities
• Money in you pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may
need to live well.
• For eg. Money cannot buy pollution free environment, cannot ensure
unadulterated medicines, cannot protect you from infectious disease etc.
• For many of the important things in life the best and cheapest way is that
these goods and services are provided collectively.
Examples. Collective security for entire locality, school
-Kerala has low infant mortality rate because of adequate provision of basic
health and educational facilities.
-Some states with better functioning of PDS, health and nutritional status of
people is comparatively better.
Human Development Report
• Published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational
levels of the people, their health status and per capita income
• HDI stands for Human Development Index
• Life Expectancy at birth: average expected length of life of a person at
the time of birth.
• Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: enrolment ratio for primary,
secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.
Sustainability of Development
• It is desirable that development should go further or at least be
maintained for future generation
• For eg. Groundwater is renewable resource replenished by nature.
But if overused it will get exhausted
• Non-renewable resources needs to be conserved because they cannot
be replenished
• Sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are
working together
• As member of society and as individuals we need to ask where we
want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals should be.

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