Math 121E Calculus2 Week 1 4 4
Math 121E Calculus2 Week 1 4 4
121E
CALCULUS II
Grading System
Course Outcome
F(x) = ∫f(x) dx
∫x2 dx = x3 +C
3
Since it contains an arbitrary additive
constant, the constant of integration. For
this reason, the function of ∫f(x) dx is
Indefinite Integral
∫un du = un+1 + C , n≠ -1
n+1
Above is the general power formula of
integration
The Power Formula
Example a:
∫(3x3 +1+ 1 ) dx = 3 ∫x3 dx + ∫dx + ½ ∫x-
2
dx
2x2 = 3x4 + x + 1x-1 + C
4 2(-1)
= 3x4 + x - 1 + C
4 2x
Example b:
∫(a2-x2)2 dx= ∫(a4 - 2a2x2 + x4)dx
= a4x – 2a2x3 + x5 + C
3 5
Definite Integral
Definite Integral
The change in the value of the integral
F(x) as x changes from a to b, i.e., the
quantity F(b)- F(a), is called the definite
integral of f(x) between the “limits” a and
b or simply the definite integral from a to
b denoted by the symbol ∫b f(x)dx
a
∫ cos u du = sin u + C
∫ sin u du = -cos u + C
∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C
∫ csc2 u du = -cot u + C
∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C
∫ csc u cot u du = -csc u + C
Trigonometric Function
Examples (a):
Evaluate ∫ sin x tan x dx = ∫ sec2 x + sec x tan x du - ∫ cos
= ∫ sin x sin x dx x dx
cos x u (sec x tan x+sec2 x)
= ∫ sin2 x dx = ∫ du - ∫ cos x dx
cos x u
= ∫ 1- cos x dx
2
= ln |u | - sin x
cos x = ln |sec x + tan x |- sin x + C
= ∫ sec x dx - ∫ cos x dx
= ∫ sec x. (sec x + tan x) dx- ∫ cos
x dx
(sec x + tan x)
= ∫ sec2 x + sec x tan x dx- ∫ cos x
dx
(sec x + tan x)
dx = du
2x
∫ x sin x2 dx
= ∫ x sin u du
2x
= 1 ∫ sin u du
2
= - 1cos u + C
Exercises 1
Evaluate below Integrals
(a) ∫ ( x3 - 4x)dx
(b) ∫ (6x3 - 4x + 1)dx
(c) ∫ (2x-x2)dx
(d) ∫ (3 -2y-2)dy
(e) ∫ (x2+7x+3 )dx
(f) ∫2 x4dx
1
(g) ∫2 (x-3x2)dx
0
Evaluate below:
(1) ∫ du = ln u + C, u > 0
u
(2) ∫ du = ln (-u) + C1, u < 0
u
(3) ∫ du = ln |u | + C2, u ≠ 0
u
1. ∫ 2 dy 6. ∫ dx
3y-4 sin 2x
2. ∫ x dx 7. ∫ tanx dx
x2-3
3. ∫ x3 dx 8. ∫ (1-2x)2 dx
x-1 x
4. ∫ (x+ 6 )dx 9. ∫ (x2-3x+2) dx
(x+2)2 x+1
10. ∫ dx
5. ∫ (lnx)2 dx x (1 + x2)
x
Exponential
Function
Exponential Function
There are two basic formulas for the
integration of exponential functions;
∫ eu du = eu + C
∫ au du = au + C , a > 0
ln a
Exponential Function
Example (a) Example (c)
Evaluate ∫ e-3x dx Evaluate ∫ dx
= e -3x + C 32x
-3 = 3 -2x dx
= -1 e -3x + C
3 = -1 3 -2x + C
Example (b) 2 ln 3
Evaluate ∫ e2x dx Example (d)
= e2x + C Evaluate ∫ 2-x dx
2
= 1 e2x + C = 2 -x + C
2 ln 2
Exponential Function
Exercises 4:
Evaluate the following
1. ∫x3ex4 dx
2. ∫ ln e2x dx
3. ∫ ex ( 1-ex) dx
4. ∫( ex + e-x )dx
ex – e-x
Inverse
Trigonometric
Function
Inverse trigonometric
Function
Consider below formulas:
∫ du = Arcsin u + C
a2 – u2 a
∫ du = 1 Arctan u + C
a2 + u2 a a
Example (a):
Evaluate ∫ dx
=
∫ dx 32 – (2x)2
9 – 4x2
∫du
∫ dx =
= 2 32 – (u)2
9 –(2x) 2
= 1 Arcsin u + C
2 3
let u = 2x 1 Arcsin 2x + C
=
du = 2dx 2 3
dx= du
Inverse Trigonometric
Function
Example (b):
Evaluate ∫ dy
Example (c):
Evaluate ∫ y 2
+ 1 dy
9y2 + 6y + 5 y2 +4
= ∫ dy = ∫ y2 + 4 -3 dy
(3y)2 + 6y + 1 + 4 y2 +4
= ∫ dy = ∫( 1 – 3 ) dy
(3y +1)2 + 4 y2 + 4
let u = 3y + 1 = ∫ dy – 3dy
du = 3dy y2 + 4
dy= du = y-3 ∫ dy
3 y 2 + 22
=∫ dy = y-3 1 Arctan y + C
(3y +1)2 + 22 2 2
= ∫ du
3 (u2) + 22 = y- 3 Arctan y + C
=1 ∫du 2 2
3 (u2) + 22
= 1.1 Arctan u + C = 1 Arctan 3y
+1+C
Inverse Trigonometric
Function
Exercises 5:
Evaluate below
1. ∫ dx
16+ x2 6. ∫ x dx
2. ∫ dy
9 + x2
9- y2 7. ∫ (y + 4 )dy
3. ∫ dv y2 + 16
9 + 4v2
4. ∫ dt 8. ∫ sec2 θ dθ
5- 16t2 5 – sec2 θ
9. ∫ u (u2 + 4) du
5. ∫ y dy
25 – 16y2 u4 + 9
10. ∫ e6x dx
9 + 4e6x
Hyperbolic
Functions
sinh u and cosh u only
Hyperbolic Functions
Formulas :
∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C Example (b):
∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C Evaluate
Example (a): ∫ sinh x dx
Evaluate 1 + cosh x
∫ cosh x dx Let u = 1+ cosh x
2 + 3sinh x du = sinh x dx
let u = 2 + 3 sinh x ∫ sinh x dx
du = 3 cosh x dx; 1 + cosh x
cosh x dx = du = ∫ du
3 u
∫ cosh x dx = ln |u | + C
2 + 3sinh x = ln |1 + cosh x | + c
= ∫ du
3 (u)
= 1 ∫ du
3 u
= 1 ln u + C = = 1 ln | 2 + 3 sinh
x| + C
General
Power
Formula
Include Substitution Rule
The General Power
Formula
∫u du = u
n n+1
+C , n≠ -1
n+1 Example (b):
Evaluate ∫ cos x dx
Example (a): sin4 x
Evaluate ∫ (2x4 – 5)6 x3 dx = ∫ sin-4 x cos x dx
let u = (2x4 – 5)
du = 8x3 dx Let u = sin x
dx = du du = cos x dx
8x3
∫ (2x4 – 5)6 x3 dx = ∫ sin-4 x cos x dx
= ∫ u6 x3 du = ∫ u-4 du
8x3
= 1 ∫ u6du = - u-3 + C
8 3
= 1 u7 + C = - sin -3 x + C
8 7 3
= u7 + C = (2x4-5)7 + C = -1 +C
56 56 3 sin3 x
The General Power
Formula
Exercises 6:
Evaluate the following
1. ∫ sin 4x cos 4x dx
2. ∫ (x2 - 1)3 x dx
3. ∫( 3x2 + 5x – 3)6 (6x + 5) dx
4. ∫ (7x+ 5)3 dx
5. ∫(√3x + 2) dx
Constant of
Integration
Constant of Integration
Constant of Integration is added to the
answer of the integration. This is written
to represent the constant term of the
original function, which could not be
obtained through this anti-derivative
process. The constant of integration can
have arbitrary values and is written as
+C.
Constant of Integration
Properties of Constant of Integration
The following properties of constant of integration are
helpful for a better understanding of constant of integration.
1. The constant of integration is an arbitrary constant and it
can have any value.
2. The sum or difference of two constants of integration is
written as a single constant of integration.
3. For logarithmic or trigonometric functions, the constant of
integration even if it involves a logarithmic or a
trigonometric function is always written as only C.
4. The constant of integration is only used for indefinite
integrals and is not used for definite integrals.
5. Multiplying and dividing the integral also multiplies or
divides the constant of integration by the same number,
which is presented as a constant C.
6. Even with different methods of integration, and for
different assumed values of constant of integration, we use
the same alphabet C to represent the constant of
Definite
Integral
Include absolute, odd and even functions
Definite Integrals -Odd and Even
Functions
A function f is even if the graph of f is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
= 2 [a2t – t3 ]a By substitution;
3 -a = 1 – ( - 1)
3 3
by substitution:
= 4a3 =2
3 3
End of Topic
Thank
you
Engr. Febe F. Murillo
College of Engineering and Information Technology